ABSTRACT
This study evaluated the effects of the use of electronic aids in the academic performance of History in the Secondary schools of Kwara State. The study also examined the effect of AVM and gender on students’ academic achievement in History. The performance of student taught with AVM was compared with those of students taught with conventional teaching method (CTM). In order to carry out the study effectively, three research questions were asked and three hypotheses were formulated and tested. Many related literature were reviewed. The sample for the study consisted of 100 secondary school students. The researcher constructed the test items, which were then face validated by two Experts; one in History education and the other in measurement and evaluation after which it was administered to the students. History achievement test (COMSAT) was used to collect data for the study. The hypotheses were tested using the analysis of covariance (ANCOVA). The data obtained were analyzed. Mean and standard deviation were used to answer the research question. The hypotheses were tested with 0.05 level of significant. The analysis indicated that AVM had significant effects on students’ cognitive achievement in History. Gender was a significant factor in the students’ overall cognitive achievement in History. Thus, it is recommended to use AVM in the academic performance of History, state governments or their ministries of Education and professional associations should organize workshops, seminars and conferences to train the serving teachers on the use of AVM technique. Finally, the limitation of study and suggestion for further studies were highlighted.
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Science can be defined as the knowledge obtained by observation and testing of facts. It can also be referred to as the knowledge about the structure and behavior of the natural and physical world based on facts that can be prove such using as an experiment. It can also be defined as the systematic process of making enquiry about the living and non-living things in our environment.
Lederman (2010) opined that ‘‘there is nothing more important to the future of the nation than a population that is more science ‘savvy’ than we are now’’. From global climate change to genetic manipulation to the neurosciences’ progress on the working of human minds, there are issues which have political, social and economic consequences of vast implications. Education has been considered to be the cornerstone for development.
According to Federal Republic of Nigeria (2010). Education forms the basis for literacy, skills acquisition ability, teaching achievement and ability to harness human and material resources towards the achievement of societal goals. In Nigeria today there is high demand for education because it is necessary for all. Education is very vital, deprived of education non can lead a good life.
Teaching is essentially built on the broad concept of impacting knowledge on learners. Teaching can be viewed as an attempt to help the learner or someone to acquire skills, attitude and also knowledge. Recent developments in brain science has underlined the significance of learning from experience from the time in the womb on (Lieberman 2013). Bringing people’s experiences around the subjects or areas we are looking to teach about into the classroom or learning situation is, thus, fundamental to the learning process. Teaching involves creating an environment and engaging with others, so that they learn particular things. This can be anything from tying a shoe lace to appreciating the structure of a three act play. I want highlight three key elements here – focus, knowledge and the ability to engage people in learning. Learning on the other hand can be said to be a change in behaviour which is more or less permanent in nature due to experience exposure of knowledge gained and required by the active participation of the child or the learner, it is also known as acquisition of hobbies, knowledge and attitude involving new ways of doing things.
According to Abolade (2009), the advantage of instructional materials are that they are cheaper to produce, useful in teaching large number of students at a time, encouraging learners to pay proper attention and enhance their interest. An ideal teaching-learning environment should be comfortable, noiseless, decorated and enriched with careful visual and audio visual electronic aids. Teaching and learning are the important element in education. The teacher uses different approaches and substantial to teach the students and to ensure that they are actively involved in the learning. With the passage of time, altered methods and techniques are entered in the field of education and teachers use different kind of aids to make learning effective. Electronic aids arouse the interest of learners and help the teachers to explain the concepts easily. Electronic aids are those instructional aids which are used in the classroom to encourage students learning process. According to Agu (2011) holds a similar view about teaching aid as any arrangement, object, material, real or improvised brought into learning to enhance the understanding of the learner other than the normal expression of the teacher in teaching and learning.
Aramide and Bolarinwe (2010) opine that instructional materials have the potential for enhancing students learning. Electronic aids are tools that help to make an issue or lesson clearer or easier to understand and know (pictures, models, charts, maps, videos, slides, real objects etc.). There are many Electronic aids available these days. We may classify these aids as follows; visual aids are which use sense of vision are called Visual aids. For example: - models, actual objects, charts, pictures, maps, flannel board, flash cards, bulletin board, chalkboard, slides, overhead projector etc. Out of all of these, black board and chalk are the commonest ones. The challenges of classroom instruction increase due to lack of adequate materials to aid in the lesson delivery. Most significantly, it has convert a common phenomenon to integrate textbooks with audio visual aids as additional or supplementary resource for classroom course learning activities. Electronic aids are important in the educational system. Electronic aids are those devices which are used in classrooms to encourage students learning process and make it easier and interesting. Electronic aids are the best tool for making teaching effective and the best tool for dissemination of knowledge. Research findings Cuban (2009) indicated the psychology of electronic aids as under 1% of what is learned is from the sense of taste, 1.5% of what is learned is from the sense of touch, 3.5% of what is learned is from the logic of smell, 11% of what is learned is from the logic of hearing and 83% of what is learned is from the sense of sight. Also people generally remember, 10% of what they read, 20% of what they hear, 30% of what they see, 50% of what they hear and see, 70% of what they say and 90% of what they say as they do.
Electronic aids are the devices that helps the teacher to clarify, establish, correlate and co-ordinate precise conceptions, understandings, appreciations and support him/her to make learning more actual, active, motivating, encouraging, significant and glowing. Proper use of visual aids helps to retain more concepts permanently. Students can study well when they are inspired properly through different Electronic aids. Electronic aids creates the accurate image which the students see and hear properly. Electronic aids provide complete example for conceptual thinking. Electronic aids create the environment of interest for the students. Electronic aids helps to increase the vocabulary of the students. Electronic aids helps the teacher to get sometime and make learning permanent. Electronic aids provide direct experience to the students. “Electronic aids” is identical in meaning to instructional material” in order word, the two terms can be used interchangeably for the purpose of this topic, electronic aids may include, excursion or field trips, dramatization, demonstration, display modes and exhibits film TV programmes.
When teaching aid is being used, it aids to root participation of students in the lesson because when students look at visual model or aid, it is measured as a kind of contribution. Electronic aids can be very useful in making a topic interesting and the amalgamation of both visual and audio stimuli is particularly effective since the two most important senses are involved. Integrating technology into the classroom begins when a teacher prepares lessons that use technology in meaningful and relevant ways. Technological aids were found to be supportive rather than dominating. Ranasinghe and Leisher (2009) said that technology should assist the teacher in creating a collaborative learning environment. The integration of technology into curriculum greatly helps in easier understanding of the concepts for the students.
Furthermore, the use of visual aids encourage the body movement and it may strengthen the control. Visual aids in teaching are one mode to enhance lesson plans and give students additional ways to process subject information. Visual aids present unit of knowledge through auditory of visual stimuli, both with a view to aid learning. They make the information gaining easier and help in making learning practice appealing. They reduce the work of the teacher and help in gaining interest in studying of the text books. Electronic aids consists of electronic videos, audiotapes, slides, filmstrips, radio and television (Onyilagba & Nnajiofor 2016) University classrooms were equipped with world class technological electronic aids for making classroom students learning process interesting and resourceful. However, the use of identical resources, comprising a syllabus, is suggested. Sequencing also can be improved purely using overlays on slides, doffing methods on charts and or chalk, and marker boards. Sequencing can be emphasized and prepared clearer by the use of distinct colors.
Academic performance is a major aspect of school system. It has been conceived as the reflection of student’ ability in academic work (Okeke, & Attah, 2010) which shows how well a student performs in test and examination (Olibie, & Ezeoba, 2013). Academic performance of students is an area that is given wide research over the years. This is due to the poor performance students observed in public and school examination (Agreement, & Ontiretse, 2011). Instructional materials therefore, are essential and significant tools needed for academic performance of school subjects to promote teachers‟ efficiency and improve students’ performance. Studies on influence of instructional material on academic performance of students in Social Studies available to this researcher are conducted in Bostwana (Agreement, & Ontiretse, 2011) and Ekiti state (Olayinka, 2016). There is therefore, the need to carry out similar study in Kaduna state thus this informed the present research with the hope that it will fill up the gap in literature and attempts to find out if the use of instructional materials could improve the performances of students in this subject at the junior senior secondary school. The aim of this study is to determine the effect of electronic aids on student’s academic performance in History and Technology in Junior Secondary Schools in Uyo Local Government Area of Akwa Ibom State
1.2 Statement of the Problem
The deteriorating state of our educational system is quite worrisome. The problem teachers and students encounter in our educational system include inadequate teaching and learning materials. Instructional materials are brought into play along the line to enhance educational achievement whenever they are properly used. Nevertheless, it has been realized that there is a need for a coordinated source of information for pre-service teachers on the preparation and utilization of instructional materials. This will help to reduce most of the problems in the teaching and learning process. In spite of this, the problem associated with these instructional materials is the procurement of the instructional materials. Other problems that hinder the effective use of instructional materials in schools include lack of electricity supply to operate some visual aids, lack of qualified educational technologists to operate them. However, curriculum planners should emphasize the use of instructional materials by teachers for a break-through in educational attainments. What ponders the mind of researchers and most educationalists is whether introduction of electronic aids during a lesson delivery can achieve results no matter the level of qualification and experience of the teacher.
1.3 PURPOSE OF THE STUDY
This study mainly sought to investigate the effect of the use of electronic aids on students’ achievement in History.
Specifically, it tends to determine:
1. The effect of the use of electronic aids on students’ achievement in History.
2. The effect of the use of electronic aids on male and female students’ achievement in History.
3. The interactive effect of method and gender on students achievement in History.
1.4 RESEARCH QUESTION
This study was guided by the following research questions:
1. What is the effect of the use of electronic aids on students’ achievement in History education?
2. What is the mean achievement score of male and female students taught History education using electronic aids?
3. What is the interactive effect of method and gender on students achievement in History.
1.5 HYPOTHESIS OF THE STUDY
The following null hypotheses were tested at an alpha level of 0.05
HO1: There is no significant difference in the mean achievement scores of students taught History using electronic aids and those taught using conventional teaching method.
HO2: There is no significant difference in the mean achievement on male and female students taught History using electronic aids.
HO3: There is no significant interaction between gender and method on students’ mean achievement in History education.
1.6 Significance of the Study
This study will have much significance on the following people. First and foremost, the findings of the study will be of much significance to students, researchers and teachers in secondary schools. This is so because the report of the study will serve as a good reference document to this group of learners when conducting a research on the impact of electronic aids on teaching. Again, the study has much significance on the government in Nigeria. This is so because, it will serve as a source of information to the government that the non-provision of electronic aids to teaching provides basis for the falling standard of learning in the country.
The study will be significant to parents, this is so because when conducting parents-teachers meeting, such an issue might be raised and this will serve as a good reference document in providing solutions. The study could be beneficial to curriculum planners who would design functional curriculum by taking into considerations student’s teachers electronic aids. The findings of this study will guide the choice of electronic aids used in the teaching/learning process in biology and other subject areas. The findings of this study will equally help to alleviate the problem of the scarcity of electronic aids for biology teaching/learning. It is therefore the researcher’s expectation that upon completion of this study, the findings of the study will be beneficial to teachers, students, government and the general public in more ways than one.
1.7 Scope of the Study
This research work is focused on the Importance of electronic aids on students’ academic performance in History and Technology. This research is limited to the Importance of electronic aids on students’ academic performance in History and Technology with particular regards to gender, academic performance and retention ability of students’ when taught the concept of good and bad conductors of heat in History and Technology.
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