ABSTRACT
The purpose of this study was to investigate the community participation in rural road infrastructure provision in the case of Igbo Etiti Local Government Area. The study employed a quantitative approach, an explanatory research design and obtained data from primary sources of data’s using questionnaires. The study used systematic random sampling techniques and selected 392 samples The data analysis was done using IBM SPSS Version 26 at a probability level of 95% confidence interval or α=0.05 and data could be analyzed numerically. The finding of the study showed that the mean value of all factors was at the medium level. The correlation result showed that personal factors had a strong positive correlation with community participation and the rest factors had a moderate correlation with the response variables. The study also found that personal, economic, social, and institutional factors had a positive and high Beta value that implied a positive and significant effect on community participation, whereas, political factors had an insignificant effect on community participation. The study concluded that personal, economic, social, and institutional factors had a positive and significant effect on community participation. The study recommended that the municipality should minimize the causes of personal factors by improving its service delivery, engage low-income households by providing financial or non-financial incentives, minimize social factors by establishing a means of educating the community, and deliver a capacity building program in the municipality.
Keywords: Economic, Institutional, Personal, Political, Social Factors
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
This chapter deals about giving an introduction to the study. Therefore, it focused on background of the study, statement of the problem, research objectives, significance, scope, limitation of the study and organization of the research report.
1.1 Background of the Study
As noted by Paul, (1987), community particioation is a dynamic process that the people influence the implementation of projects beyond actively accept the project benefits. The objective of community participation may include the active involvement of the community in every step in the project, cooperation, shared decision and control over resources and capacity building to achieve more sustainable desired outcomes (Begum, 2015).
Historically as Cornwall, (2002) clarified that in the 1970 s, „popular participation‟ was reinforced by guidelines/ rules that the poor‟s were included in the development project. This idea was developed by World Organizations. By the late 1980s, a conscience was made about participation in development tasks as essential and appropriate in order to safeguard the poor‟s efficiency, effectiveness, and sustainability. At the beginning 1990s, Participatory rural appraisal (PRA) was perceived as an instrument to implement participation. As indicated by Barrow, Mwanakatwe, Hashi, Zerihun, & Ndisale, (2011) GoE distinguishes the significant role that communities and non-governmental actors can react in the development process to make public service users accountable. However, CP in the planning and the budgetary process is still limited. Wodajo, Yiadom, & Asfaw, (2014) revealed that public participation in isolating the problem, implementation, and evaluation of the activity and its outcomes were still insignificant and not a long-standing development project and avoids making every decision and activity by the state only.
According to Koppinen & Lahdenperä, (2004) road project delivery indicates enabling more integrated services, requiring broader know-how from service providers. It is well- known that the implementation of road projects will have an immediate adverse impact on definite community members or groups through different ways, and such effects may cause disagreement among the people and municipality. As a result, community participation is a necessary means to remove such uncertainties. The reasons for encouraging community participation is for some advantages that it helps the projects by improving the quality of project route planning and design using a collection of knowledge, promoting cooperation and trust between the municipality and the communities, and help to identify potential causes of disagreement in the project Ahuja & Priyadarshini, (2017). Besides, one of the principal objectives of road construction in a given area is to promote socio-economic development in the area (Authority, 2015). Therefore, since developing road infrastructure had a numerous benefit and at the same time impact on society, and even the central principle of community participation is that of giving local people the opportunity to be a part of the programmes, influence or contribute to the decision-making process and actively participate in issues that concern them (Begum, 2015) it is necessary to focus on community participation.
According to Igbo Etiti Local Government Area municipality office report (UDHCSO2008– 2012) E.C, the road infrastructure development of the town administration showed that the performance of gravel road accomplished at 83.84%, Cobblestone road at 91 % and Asphalt road at 100% according to its predetermined plan. But the town involved the community for the purpoe of money contribution in 2009 on road infrastructure development to construct Asphalt road. As Seboka, Assmie, & Ibrahim, (2020) conclude that, the problem of community participation influences the opportunity for raising institutionalized community engagement in the city and hindered the synergy of the developing trend of participation in the development of the city. In this respect, it is important to identify the primary factors that affect CP. Thus, the study conducted to investigate the community participation in rural road infrastructure provision the case of Igbo Etiti Local Government Area.
1.2 Statement of the Problem
The purpose of the study was to investigate the community participation in rural road infrastructure provision the case of Igbo Etiti Local Government Area, Enugu state, Nigeria. Based on the researcher‟s understanding and accesses of information from different websites, even though previous studies/ theoretical investigations like a theory of constraint was conducted by Eliyahu Goldratt in 1980s, it was a system management theory and focused on profit-oriented organizations but, it did not show how public (not for profit) organizations continuously improved their system using five selected steps. Onother theory made by Mostert, (2003) tried to concluded that knowledge of participatory approaches and methods more importantly an open, transparent and outward-looking of the governments were the real challenges of community participation. Thus, the study didn‟t consider other factors. Beside these, theoretical gaps previousely studied empirical researchs by some researchers like Legesse, (2015) on the experience and challenges of community participation in urban infrastructural development found that determinants of public participation were lack of access to information, the presence of ineffective communication; lack of interaction between municipality and kebele leaders; lack of awareness on the part of the community, Serbeh-Yiadom, (2014) also study on the title of improving people‟s participation in a local development project; In addition to these, researchers like Kakonge, (1996) and ; J. T. Plummer, (2000) found that the key factors affecting the nature of community participation include: lack of announcement between the administrators and the people, gender, employment, education and litracy, culture and belief. But most of them focused on the experiences and challenges. Moreover, the above studies were statistically analyzed and concluded their data using descriptive statistics (frequency). But there was a scarcity of an investigation conducted on the community participation on rural road infrastructure provisions. Specifically, on the personal, economic, social, political, and institutional factors, and there was also a scarcity of a study that analyzed the influence of the above five issues on CP using correlation and regression analysis methodology.
In addition to this, most of the empirical studies listed above were conducted outside the study area. Besides, the study conducted in Igbo Etiti Local Government Area because of the reason that while the experience of the town administration on road infrastructure development was high but almost all these road infrastructures were developed by the government and observed poor community participation based on the town administration urban development housing and construction office annual report from 2008-2012 E.C. Due to this reason the researcher wanted to conduct his research on this issue.
1.3 Research Objective
1.3.1 General Objective
The general objective of this research was to investigate the community participation in rural road infrastructure provision in the case of Igbo Etiti Local Government Area.
1.3.2 Specific Objective
The study had the following specific objectives:
1 To examine the practice of community participation in rural road infrastructure provision.
2 To examine the strength of associastion between personal, economic, social, political, and institutional factors and community participation. .
3 To investigate the effect of personal, economic, social, political, and institutional factors on community participation.
1.4 Research Hypothesis
Based on the theoretical and empirical review, the researcher hypothesized the following:
1. HA= Personal factors are significantly and positively affect community participation in rural road infrastructure provision.
2. HA= Economic factors are significantly and positively affect community participation.
3. HA= Social factors are significantly and positively affect community participation.
4. HA= Political factors are significantly and positively affect community participation.
5. HA= Institutional factors are significantly and positively affect community participation
1.5 Significance of the Study
The study would be significant for the following cases: It would help to generate information that minimizes a gap on the factors affecting the community participation in rural road infrastructure provision specifically on personal factors; economic factors; social factors; political factors, and institutional factors that affect community participation in rural road infrastructure provision the case of Igbo Etiti Local Government Area.
It informed the municipality agents to know the community participation in rural road infrastructure provision and it helps them to prepare themselves to tackle this problem. It would also contribute to municipality agents to plan properly for improving the current community participation problems. It helped the community to know the benefits and the factors that influence their involvement in road infrastructuraldevelopment projects. It helped as a source for other researchers who investigate similar issues and other urban infrastructural factors in the town.
1.6 Scope of the Study
The scope of this study was to investigate the factors that affect community participation in rural road infrastructure provision in the case of Igbo Etiti Local Government Area. Specifically, the study focused on examining the effect of personal factors; economic factors; social factors; political, and institutional factors on community participation in rural road infrastructure provision on (asphalt road, cobblestone road, gravel road) the case of Igbo Etiti Local Government Area. While environmental, and technological factors also determine the involvement of the community in rural road infrastructure provision but the researcher did not include them in the study because of researcher‟s limited ability, resource and time, and due to the reason that these factors were not a primary factor as compared to the above listed five factors.
While a longitudinal study was appropriate to get better quality data from the respondent due to limited time and resource the study used a cross-sectional study, explanatory research design, quantitative research approach and primary data collection techniques. The Primary data collected from households.
1.7 Limitations of the Study
During the time of data collection, the researcher faced different challenges that had a negative result on the study. These were: absence of getting enough reports and plans of the town administration road infrastructural projects from the municipality and plan commission, lack of willingness of focal persons to show necessary data for the researcher when managers were absent, lack of willingness of the respondents to fill quesionary, absence of data including rules, regulations e.t.c related to public participation in the municipality.
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