Abstract
Anaemia in pregnancy is a common problem in most developing countries and a major cause of morbidity and mortality especially in malaria endemic areas. In pregnancy, anaemia has a significant impact on the health of the foetus as well as that of the mother. 20% of maternal deaths in Africa have been attributed to anaemia. Anemia during pregnancy is highly preventable and treatable.
This study is aimed at determining the cause and prevention of anaemia among women attending ANC in Cottage Hospital UUTH Uyo.
Out of the 406 women studied, 229 were anaemic thus making the cause of anaemia to be 56.4%. Most, 89.5% were mildly anaemic, 10.5% were moderately anaemic while none of the women were severely anaemic. Two hundred and sixty, (64%) of the women booked in the first trimester, 33.3% booked in the second trimester while only 2.7% booked in the third trimester. More women were anaemic in the 2nd trimester of pregnancy, with a higher cause among the multigravidae (59.3%). Anaemia was highest among company workers and least among civil servants. The women who had birth intervals of ≤1 year had the highest cause of anaemia (53.3%), followed by those who had a birth inter of 2-4 years, while those women who had a birth interval of more than 4years had the least Cause (44.5%) of anaemia.
Educating women on early antenatal booking and compliance with the use of prescribed medications (Iron Supplements, Folate and Antimalarials) should also be emphasized to reduce the problem of anaemia in pregnancy in Nigeria.
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background Information
Anaemia describes a situation in which there is a reduction of haemoglobin concentration in the blood of pregnant women to a level below 11g/dl. Anaemia is one of the most common nutritional deficiency diseases observed globally and affects more than a quarter of the world’s population (WHO/CDC, 2008). Globally, anaemia affects 1.62 billion people (25%), among which 56 million are pregnant women (Balarajan, 2011; WHO/CDC, 2008). It is estimated that 41.8% of pregnant women worldwide are anaemic. At least half of this anaemia burden is assumed to be due to iron deficiency. Iron deficiency anaemia (IDA) is the most common nutritional disorder in the world affecting 2 billion people worldwide with pregnant women particularly at risk (WHO guideline, 2012). In developing countries, the cause of anaemia during pregnancy is 60.0% and about 7.0% of the women are severely anaemic (Agan et al., 2010). In Africa 57.1% of pregnant women are anaemic (de Benoist et al., 2008). Sub-Saharan Africa is the most affected region, with cause of anaemia estimated to be 17.2 million among pregnant women. This constitutes to approximately 30% of total global cases (WHO, 2008). In Nigeria the cause of anaemia among pregnant women is 55.1% and among non-pregnant women is 46.4% (Ministry of Health, 2013). Anaemia during pregnancy is considered severe when haemoglobin concentration is less than 7.0 g/dl, moderate when the haemoglobin concentration is 7.0 to 9.9 g/dl, and mild when haemoglobin concentration is 10.0 to 10.9 g/dl (Balarajan et al., 2011; Salhan et al., 2012; Esmat et al., 2010). When the cause of anaemia among pregnant women is 40.0% or more, it is considered as a severe public health problem (McLean et al., 2008).
Anaemia during pregnancy has a variety of causes and contributing factors. Iron deficiency is the cause of 75% of anaemia cases during pregnancy (Balarajan et al., 2011; Haidar, 2010). Infectious diseases such as malaria, helminthes infestations and HIV are implicated with high cause of anaemia in sub-Saharan Africa (Ouédraogo et al., 2012 and Tolentino and Friedman, 2007). Loss of appetite and excessive vomiting in pregnancy and heavy menstrual flow before pregnancy are also documented causes of anaemia during pregnancy (Noronha et al., 2010). Socio-economic conditions, abnormal demands like multiple pregnancies,teenage pregnancies, maternal illiteracy,unemployment/underemployment, short pregnancy intervals, age of gestation, primigravida and multigravida (Haniff et al., 2007; Noronha et al., 2010), smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, are the main contributing factors of anaemia during pregnancy (Moosa and Zein, 2011; Esmat et al. 2010).
Anaemia during pregnancy is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in pregnant women and infants in developing countries (Akhtar and Hassan, 2012). In 2013, an estimated 289,000 women died worldwide. Developing countries account for 99% (286 000) of the global maternal deaths with sub- Saharan Africa region alone accounting for 62% (179 000). About 800 women a day are still dying from complications in pregnancy and childbirth globally (WHOa, 2015). Anaemia contributes to 20% of all maternal deaths (WHOb, 2015). Anaemia in pregnancy causes low birth weight (Banhidy et al., 2011), fetal impairment and infant deaths (Kalaivani, 2009). Iron deficiency anaemia affects the development of the nation by decreasing the cognitive and motor development of children and productivity of adults (Balarajan et al., 2011; Vivek et al., 2012). Deficiency of folic acid during pregnancy can result in developing neural tube defect that develops in embryos during the first few weeks of pregnancy leading to malformations of the spine, skull, and brain (Wolff et al., 2009).
1.2 Problem Statement
In Nigeria, the cause of anaemia among pregnant women is 55.1%. If the cause of anaemia among pregnant women is 40.0% or more, it is considered as a severe public health problem (McLean et al., 2008). Anaemia is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in pregnant women and increases the risks of foetal, neonatal and overall infant mortality (Akhtar and Hassan, 2012). In 2013, an estimated 289,000 women died worldwide. Developing countries account for 99% (286 000) of the global maternal deaths with sub- Saharan Africa region alone accounting for 62% (179 000). About 800 women a day are still dying from complications in pregnancy and childbirth globally (WHOa, 2015). Anaemia during pregnancy contributes to 20% of all maternal deaths (WHOb, 2015).According to the KDHS 2008-09, maternal deaths increased from 414/100,000 in 2003 to 488/100,000 in 2008-09 far from meeting MDG target goals for maternal mortality. From this information it can be estimated that the high cause of anaemia among pregnant women in Nigeria is considered to be the main factor for maternal death.
Anaemia during pregnancy is also a major risk factor for low birth weight, preterm birth and intrauterine growth restriction (Banhidy F et al., 2011 and Haggaz et al., 2010). Deficiency in folic acid during pregnancy can result in serious neural tube defect (Wolff et al., 2009), heart defects and cleft lips (Wilcox et al., 2007), limb defects, and urinary tract anomalies (Goh and Koren, 2008).
Pregnant women attending antenatal clinics in Nigeria are routinely put on iron supplementation throughout their pregnancy. However, the cause of anaemia among pregnant women is still high. Moreover the available data concerning cause and specific ethologic factors of anaemia during pregnancy in Nigeria are limited.
1.3 Research Questions
1. What is the cause of Anaemia among among pregnant women attending ANC in UUTH?
2. What is the relationship between Anaemia and various demographic variables?
3. What is the attitude and practice of pregnant women towards anaemiain ANC in UUTH?
1.4 Objectives of study
1. To determine the attitude and practice on anaemia amongst women attending ANC at UUTH.
2. To estimate the Hb (PCV) level among the pregnant women attending ANC at UUTH.
3. To determine the factors that predispose to anaemia in pregnancy amongst pregnant women attending ANC at UUTH.
1.5 Scope of the Study
This study was limited to pregnant women attending ANC at Cottage Hospital UUTH Uyo.
================================================================
Item Type: Project Material | Size: 42 pages | Chapters: 1-5
Format: MS Word | Delivery: Within 30Mins.
================================================================
No comments:
Post a Comment
Note: Only a member of this blog may post a comment.