ABSTRACT
The research work was on comparative study of the
nutritional value and acceptability of ‗Ogbono‘ ―Irvingia gabonesis‖ and
‗Okoho‘ ―cissus populnea‖ soups among families inKaduna State,
Nigeria.The study was guided by four specific objectives, four research
questions and four null hypotheses.The researcher adopted experimental design.
The population of the study was all families in Kaduna state. Nineteen (19)
panelists were used as sample for the study. Okoho sample were collected from
the southern part of Kaduna state while the Ogbono sample was brought from
Opanda village in Apa Local Government Area of Benue state. Proximate analysis
was used to obtain the nutritional compositions of Okoho and Ogbono while
structured scorecard was used to obtain data on physical properties and
acceptability of the food product under study (.adopted from Linn Svenson).
Frequency and percentages were used to describe the bio-data of the
respondents. Mean scores and standard deviation were used to answer all
research questions and ANOVA statistic was used to test all the four null
hypotheses at significant level of 0.05. Based on the findings the results
revealed that Ogbono, dried Okoho and fresh Okoho contained varying percentages
of moisture, ash, protein, lipids, fibre, carbohydrates and minerals but the
variation is not significant (F=.001, P=.999). Ogbono, dried Okoho and fresh
Okoho soups varied in the proximate composition but the proximate variation of
the soups is not significant (F=12.00, P=.967). Ogbono, dried Okoho and fresh
Okoho soups are different in physical properties and the difference that exists
in the physical properties is significant (F=121.625, P=.000). There exists
difference in the general acceptability of Ogbono, dried Okoho and fresh Okoho
soups. Dried Okoho soup is more acceptable than fresh Okoho and Ogbono soups among
family members in Kaduna state (F=23.820, P=.000).This study concluded that the
nutritional compositions of Okoho and Ogbono are not significantly different
and fresh Okoho soup is more acceptable among families in Kaduna. It was
recommended that there should be awareness campaign on the nutritional contents
and benefits of fresh Okoho and Ogbono as supplements that can cater for the
nutritional deficiency of individuals.
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
of the Study
Nutrition is
nourishment or energy that is obtained from foodconsumed or the process of
consuming the proper amount of nourishment and energy. In a broader sense,
nutrition is defined as the combination of process by whichthe living organism
receives and utilizes the materials necessary for the maintenance, functions
for growth and renewal of its components (Begum 2007). Good nutrition is a
basic human right in order to have a healthy population that can promote
development (Kuhnlein 2002).
In developing countries, one of
the ways of achieving this is through the exploitation of available local foods
ingredient in the formation of nutritional adequate diet, which incorporate
within essential food groups. Food and Nutrition is a major area of Home
Economics, which comprises of the principles of nutrition-meal management.
There have been many calls for nutrition education for acquisition of
knowledge, skills and competencies, which family members require to prevent
obesity and overweight and satisfactorily improve family living. (Adebisi,
Babayeju & Gbadebo 2016).
Soups are the main sources of
proteins and minerals in our diet. One of the ways to improve the diet is to
enrich the nutrient content of soups. The traditional soup meals of most
societies are good and only minor modifications are needed for them tomeet the
nutrient requirements of all members of family. Ogbono and Okoho are a rich
vegetable draw soups thatare native to the people of North-central Nigeria.
Cissus populnea is
a woody climber whose mucilage is currently used in the home as
thickening agent in soup especially among the Idomas of North Central Nigeria
where it goes by the name Okoho. It is also used as a form of stabilizer in ‗Akara‘
balls. The plant belongs to the family of Vitaceal/Amplidacea and the
genus Cissusthat comprises of about 350 species (Brotherton, 1969).
The plant occurs in Northern and Southern Nigeria. It grows in diverse Eco
zones of Nigeria, Uganda, Niger Republic, Cameroon and Ivory Coast. Studies
from herbarium collections indicate that it is confined to the savanna zones of
the country (Nigeria) and thus is more abundant in the northern region where it
is used by the Fulani to feed their cattle ostensibly to increase milk
production as reported by Brotherton, (1969) in the West Africa, it is mostly
used in medical preparation
Cissus populnea is
among the tropical plants used to correct male infertility factor in south-western
part of Nigeria. Extracts from the roots of the plant have been used for the
treatment of skin diseases, boils, infected wounds and treatment of urinary
tracts infection. The vernacular names include; ‗Okoho‘ by the Idomas and
Igala, ‗Obolo Ajala‘ by the Yoruba‘s and ‗Dafaaraa by the Hausas Burkill,
(2000).
Invingia gabonesis (sweet
bush mango also known as Dika nut) is common in the southwestern part of
Nigeria. It is a drupe with a thin epicarp, a soft and fleshy mesocarp and hard
endocarp encasing a soft dicotyledonous kernel. Sweet bush mango in all its
parts serves as food for humans with the exception of its endocarp. The
mesocarp and epicarp can be eaten fresh, while the cotyledon encased in the
endocarp serves as an ingredient for soup.In recent times, there have been
claims verified by clinical trials that the seed extract of Irvingia
gabonesis commonly known as ―African Bush Mango‖ is an effective weight
reducing herbal medication with no side effects (Ngondi et al.,
2005).Both Cissus populnea and Irvingia gabonesis are used as
soup thickeners and medicine by many tribes in Kaduna state.
Kaduna state is one of the six
North-west states in Nigeria. Kaduna was created on May 27th, 1967 but the
prominence of the state dates back to thecolonial periods when the
state was made the Northern capital sta tes. Being a central
state, all the other Northern states are accessible from Kaduna.There are over
about 60 tribes in Kaduna.
Popular soups taken in Kaduna
include Maiyan Kuku, Yakuwa, Okra Taushe, Zogile, groundnut soup amongst
others. Apart from the indigenous settlers in the state, many people from
different tribes in other parts of Nigeria such as Yoruba, Igbo, Tiv, Idoma,
and others also settle in Kaduna.
Despite having a variety of soups
to choose from for consumption, some healthy and beneficial plants that can be
used for soup are either not popular or not accessible.The focus of this work
is to compare the nutritional value of Cissus populnea (Okoho) and Iruingia
gabonesis (Ogbono) and its acceptability among families in Kaduna State.
1.2 Statement
of the Problem
Home Economics is
the study that tries to improve goods and services which families use,
especially in terms of food it also concerns itself with the economy of the
home. With the present state of the country‘s recession, people tend to look
for alternative to almost everything especially in terms of food. In the same
vain people tend to value food they have idea on its nutritional value and the
desire for such increase when they know the health benefits. People can also
shift value when they are given proper information and counsel on the
nutritional values of food they eat. Ogbono and Okoho are soups eaten by people
in different parts of the nation. Presently, a cup of ogbono goes for five
hundred naira (₦500) which will serve as soup for just once or twice in some
homes while a short stem of okoho cost one hundred naira (₦100) which will
serve as soup for once or twice in some homes. Both plants are used as soups in
different parts of the country and are also associated with medicinal uses ,the
researcher feels that when the nutritional value is known, it will help to make
it more acceptable and can also be used as a substitute for ogbono because it
is cheaper and will be more economical with the present recession.
Every day we read and hear of
the importance of different kinds of foods either for their medicinal or
nutritional content. The researcher observed that though both plants are used
in soup, Irvingia gabonesis (Ogbono) has high popularity even though its
price keeps rising every day; while Cissus populinea (Okoho) even though
cheap has not gained much popularity.
The gross increase in health problem of nutrition such as
obesity or malnourishment will help prompt families in the types and quality of
consumption of these soups and it might aid the combination of the soups.
The researcher intends to compare the nutritional
composition of both plants [okoho and ogbono] and their acceptability as soups
1.3 Objectives
of Study
The
General objective of the study is to compare the nutritional value and
acceptability of Ogbono and Okoho Soup among families in Kaduna state. Specific
objectives are:
i.
To evaluate the proximate
composition of Cissus populnea (Okoho) and Irvingia gabonesis (Ogbono).
ii.
To compare the proximate composition
of Okoho and Ogbono soups
iii.
To compare the physical properties
of Okoho and Ogbono soups
iv.
To compare the acceptability of
Okoho and Ogbono soups among families in Kaduna State.
1.4 Research
Questions
The
following research questions were answered:
i.
What is the proximate composition of
Cissus populnea (Okoho) and Irvingia gabonesis (Ogbono)?
ii.
What is the difference in proximate
composition of Okoho and Ogbono soups?
iv.
What is the difference in the
general acceptability of Okoho and Ogbono soups among families in Kaduna State?
1.5 Hypotheses
Consequent upon the above
research questions the following hypotheses were formulated for the study.
Ho1:
There is no significant difference in the proximate composition of Cissus
populnea (Okoho) and Irvingia gabonesis (Ogbono).
Ho2:
There is no significant difference in the proximate composition of Okoho and
Ogbono soups.
Ho3: There is no significant difference in the
physical properties of Okoho and Ogbono soups.
Ho4:
There is no significant difference in the general acceptability of Okoho and
Ogbono soups among families in Kaduna State.
1.6 Significance
of the Study
Every day we read and hear of
the importance of different kinds of foods either for their medicinal or
nutritional content. The researcher observed that though both plants are used
in soup, Irvingia gabonesis (Ogbono) has high popularity even though its
price keeps rising every day; while Cissus populinea (Okoho) even though
cheap has not gained much popularity.
The
study therefore, will be a point of reference to
Individuals/Families: With
respect to individuals this study will be an eye-opener to individuals
on one‘s choice of food or soup based on the insight from the result of the
study. This choice can be fashion by the various desire of the individual. The
result from the findings in comparative nutrient content analysis of both Cissus populnea and Irvingia gabonesis
will help families to determine the right type of nutrients they
need and should take.
Agriculturalist: In the field of
agriculture, the findings from this study can help to increase
concentration in the cultivation of the both plants. Cissus populnea and
Irvingia gabonesis are not mostly planted rather they usually grow in
the wild before claimed, this study can encourage the personal
intentional planting and cultivation of these plants. The result from the study
will also help in encouraging the propagation of Cissus populnea as cash
crop.
Marketers:Though
the business activity of Irvingia gabonesis is already
highly propagated, the result from this study can also lead to market
focus on Cissus populnea where it could be marketed nationally or
even globally as a cash crop for soups and industrial use.
Medical World:From the chemical
analysis result that will be gotten from the research on the plants,
concentration of medical world on research and utilization of the both plants
to tackle medical issues will increase. Phytochemistry revealed the presence of
tannins, flavonoids, saponins, and steroids (Anthony et al., 2006),
which are important pharmaceutical target for drug development.
Home Economist: The research will
be of benefit to the Home Economist and future researchers to develop
more recipes for the preparation of okoho and ogbono soups. This category of
people will have access to the findings of this study through departmental
library and seminars.
Curriculum Planners: The
research will be of benefit to the curriculum planners, to include
cultivation of okoho and ogbono plants as part of economy tree production in
the curriculum.
It
is assumed that Cissus populnea (Okoho) has little or no nutritional
value It is assumed that Irvingia gabonesis (Ogbono) have more
nutritional value
It is also assumed that Irvingia gabonesis Ogbono is
more acceptable and given preference over Cissus populnea (Okoho).
1.8 Delimitation
of the Study
This study is
delimited to Ogbono as well as dried and fresh Okoho product and soups. This is
because both Ogbono and Okoho are good soup materials but many people do not
know their proximate compositions and physical properties. The study is
confined to two high institutions of higher learning in Zaria,Kaduna state
(Ahmadu Bello University and Federal College of Education Zaria). This is
because families from different local government areas of the state are well
represented and they will be in better position to give accurate information on
the acceptability of Cissus populnea and Irvingia gabonesis.
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