ABSTRACT
Sleep quality is an essential need of humans especially the
young and the old. A good night or good sleep is a great determinant of one‘s
ability to function effectively and efficiently during the daytime activities.
The main objective of this study was to ascertain the impact of the use of
smart mobile devices on sleep quality among health trainees at the College of
Health and Well-being, Kintampo. Significantly, it verifies whether the
frequent use of smart mobile devices have any impact on sleeping habits that
lead to any sleeping disorders. A cross-sectional study design was used to
assess the evidence of relationship between smart device usage and sleep
duration, subjective sleep quality, daytime sleepiness, and sleep quality
index, of respondents as well as their demographic characteristics. The
internationally accepted tool for assessing sleep quality index from the
Pittsburgh University was used to determine the score of respondents‘ sleep
quality index. The research was conducted at the College of Health and
Well-being, Kintampo among the trainees from different programmes of study
comprising a sample of 500 students. Pilot study survey was conducted with 200
trainees from the Techiman Nurses‘ Training College Techiman Ghana. Primary
insomnia was the most prevalent sleep disorder among the respondents (52.24%)
and this formed the majority of the respondents. There was evidence of a linear
by linear relationship between the frequency of the number of smart mobile
devices usage and respondents with insomnia. The sleep quality worsens with
increasing addiction of smart mobile devices usage.
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background to the study
Sleep quality is an essential need
of humans especially the young and the old. Good night or good sleep is a great
determinant of one‘s ability to function effectively and efficiently during the
daytime activities. Prolonged nap loss and related drowsiness and daytime
deficiencies in the teenage years are a serious menace to the educational
accomplishment, wellbeing, and welfare of our country‘s youth and an imperative
public wellbeing concern (Owens, 2015).
Lack of nap quality is a common
problematic issue and contributes to a wide variety of sleep disorders in the
society and the world as a whole. The public and monetary costs of sleep
illnesses are massive (Behar et al., 2013).
Nap/Sleep is an important genetic
development for every human being. It is a normal and episodic state of repose
during which consciousness of the world is adjourned (Han et al., 2012).
Majority of people might have poor knowledge of nap and the variations that
transpire as they mature. Nap is not a single step but rather splits into
non-rapid eye motion (Non-REM) sleep and rapid eye movement (REM) or dreaming
whiles asleep. Non-rapid eye movement sleep is further subdivided into three
stages of sleep. An individual enters into nap through the gateway of light
step one nap, which usually lasts only up to five percent of the night. The
subsequent stage of light nap is step two nap, which usually incorporates
approximately fifty percent of the night. Sleep spindles and K developments on the
electroencephalogram (EEG) mark Stage two sleep. People tend to have about
twenty to twenty-five percent of the night when young which consists of level
three or intensive nap. Level three nap which is the last part of non-rapid eye
movement sleep is explained as the presence of minimal occurrence and maximum
voltage electroencephalogram waves which is termed as channel or slow waves.
People tend to reduce this intensive nap and this attenuation in intensive nap
as they grow old is often more noticeable in males than females. People tend to
be least easily awakened from Stage three sleep (Vorona, 2009).
Rapid eye movement nap is greatly
different from non-rapid eye movement nap and is explained as quick eye
motions, loss of chin muscle elasticity, and a low voltage and mixed occurrence
electroencephalogram. Unlike intensive nap, the proportion of quick eye
movement nap does not change much over time and normally includes twenty to
twenty-five of the night. surprisingly, with the exclusion of our eye muscles
and our diaphragm, which is the main muscle of respiration, people are
paralyzed during rapid eye movement sleep. Generally, it lasts about fifteen
minutes to enter step two nap. This time from staying to step two nap which is
known as the nap latency to step two. This then takes about ninety to one
hundred and ten (90-110) minutes from the beginning of nap until people enter the
beginning of rapid eye movement nap. Subsequently, people go through cycle of
non-rapid eye movement and rapid eye movement nap through the night, usually
about three to five rapid eye movement time a night for grownups. Most of our
intensive nap is focused to the first half of the night and most of our quick
eye movement nap occurs during the second half of the nighttime. Rapid eye
movement times commonly become prolonged during
the night. A prolonged first quick eye movement time can trace a sleep
specialist to the likelihood of a depression (Vorona, 2009).
The question of how many hours
should people go to sleep? This query prompts some arguments and rely
importantly on the age of a person. For instance, senior high school students
appear to require about 9.25 hours of nap a nighttime (Vorona, 2009). Grownups
comprising of the old tend to need minimal nap than teenagers, with most
professionals commending about seven to eight hours of nap a night (Vorona,
2009). Research findings from different studies suggest that the lowest death
in grownups is linked with people who have nearly seven hours of sleep a night.
Both significantly less sleep and greater sleep amounts are connected with
reports of numerous death, for reasons that remain unclear (Vorona, 2009).
Virtually fifty percent of grownups
complain of struggle while trying to fall asleep. Poor nap results in high
threat of substantial indisposition and death. The reduction seen in the nap of
the grownup is mostly as a result of a decline in the aptitude to get desirable
sleepiness. Nevertheless, the diminished aptitude is less a factor of aging but
more of a cause of other attributes that go with getting old, for instance,
therapeutic and mental sickness, rise in the use of curative drugs,
developments in the endogenic diurnal clock and an increase in the occurrence
of definite nap conditions (Ancoli-israel, 2010).
Insomnia is a serious health
problem that affects millions of people. Insomnia is defined as a complaint of
difficulty in initiating sleep, difficulty in maintaining sleep, waking up too
early, or sleep that is chronically non-restorative or poor in quality (Bidaki
et al., 2012).
Smartphone is a term for
distinguishing mobile phones with advanced features from basic feature phones.
The term ―Smartphone‖ first appeared in 1997, when Ericsson described its GS 88
―Penelope‖ concepts as a smartphone. This term was basically introduced in the
market for an innovative range of portable movable handsets that provided
unified services from information service, processing and mobile network
sectors such as voice communication, messaging, personal information management
applications and wireless communication capability. Modern Smartphone's currently
include all the features of a laptop, including web browsing, Wi-Fi, and
3-party apps etc.
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