ABSTRACT
Studying the life cycle of 7up bottle is of great importance
not only to the producers but to the users and the entire environment.The work
broadly covers the entire life of the bottle from raw materials, production
phase to the end of its life. The environmental impacts include those from
emissions into the environment and through the consumption of resources, as
well as associated with producing the bottle that occur when extracting
resources, producing materials, manufacturing the products, during
consumption/use, and at the products' end-of-life (collection/sorting, reuse,
recycling, waste disposal). These emissions and consumptions contribute to a
wide range of impacts, the depletion of resources, water use, land use, and
noise—among others. A clear need, therefore, exists to provide complimentary
insights, to help reduce such impacts. The raw materials are readily available
except for soda ash sodium sulphate and iron chromate which are supplied from
outside the Country and are very expensive.
Energy is most utilized at the melting stage, the furnace
alone accounts for 70% of the total plant demand, while the batch stage and
transportation has the least of energy consumption. A few of the total bottle
produced for the batch under review were unrecovered from the consumers and
most of the recovered bottles after being reused two times for the period of
two and half years ,were crushed and used for recycle for further production.
The greenhouse gases were emitted greatly at melting stage due to the fuel type
LPFO (low pour flow oil) used in running the furnace .It is a by-product of
crude oil which burn slowly. Dust particulates were also observed at the point
of unloading of the raw materials and batch house.
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Glass Life-Cycle
Assessment
The product Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) allows to quantify a
product‘s environmental footprint, in accordance with international standards,
It studies two major aspects:
The whole product Life Cycle: from the raw materials and
production phase to the end of the product life.
All environmental impacts: water consumption, air pollution,
resource utilization, and energy.
While a project life cycle assessment establishes an
important quantitative benchmark, the full sustainable benefits of glass
packaging include additional environmental, health, social and economic
dimensions that reach above and beyond what can be measured in an LCA. These
include health and safety, recycling, reuse and resource efficiency; the full
benefits of glass social, environmental and technical recycling and reuse.
Glass recycling and reuse contribute significantly to reducing glass
packaging‘s carbon footprint (Abrahams, and John 2002). The use of recycled
glass or cullet in batch materials has the following beneficial impacts:
Every 1 kg of cullet used replaces 1.2kg of virgin raw
materials that would otherwise need to be extracted.
Every 10 percent of recycled glass or cullet used in the
production results in an approximate 5 percent reduction in carbon emission and
energy savings of about 3 percent.
Glass is resource efficient; it can be reused in its original
form more than other packaging materials. Additionally, several initiatives
currently underway in the glass industry that will further increase the
efficiency of glass packaging. Such efforts include including ; to improve
recovery and recycling of glass containers, help eliminate the diversion of
glass to landfill; leading to a decrease in energy use and global warming
potential (Andreola, et.al., 2005).
Light weighting glass containers reduces raw material usage,
emissions, energy use and the overall weight.
Packaging‘s most important function is product preservation
and no other packaging material does this better than glass.
1.2 Life History
of Glass
According to Chang, (2008), glass dates back to the Stone Age
when naturally occurring glass (especially the volcanic glass obsidian) was
used globally by many Stone Age societies for the production of sharp cutting
tools and jewelry. Another rare form of naturally occurring glass is called fulgurite
(commonly called ‗petrified lightning‘) which occurs when lightning strikes
sand and the resultant heat sometimes fuses the sand into long slender glass
tubes. The scarcity and selective source areas of these naturally occurring
glasses made them valuable materials for trade. Archaeological evidence however
suggests that the first true glass was made in coastal North Syria, Mesopotamia
or Ancient Egypt, (Douglas, 1972).
Early glass production relied on grinding techniques borrowed
from stone working. This meant that glass was ground and carved at a cold
state. The disasters that overtook the Late Bronze Age civilizations brought
glass-making to a halt and it only picked up again in its former sites, in Syria and Cyprus, in the 9th century
BCE, when the techniques for making colorless glass were discovered. In Egypt
however, glass-making did not revive until it was reintroduced in Ptolemaic
Alexandria, (Helmenstine, 2012).
1.3 Statement of
the Research Problem
When you buy a bottle of 7up drink, most of the cost is for
the liquid and the bottle. But what about the environmental cost?
Manufacturing, filling, labeling, shipping, storing and recycling of the
bottles is expensive. In responding to the imperative to reduce greenhouse gases,
life cycle modeling tool is used to measures the environmental impact of every
stage in the bottle life cycle. Each of these life cycle stages yields carbon
emissions that contribute to the total carbon footprint. As a result, customers
and consumers get a clear picture of 7up bottle packaging which provides
insight into the bottle quality and the bottle‘s positive or negative
environmental impacts.
1.4 Aim of the
Study
The aim of this research is to assess the life cycle of 7up
bottle production and the associated environmental impacts generated at every
stage, using Sunglass as a case study.
1.5 Objective of
the Study
The objectives of this study are to:
1. Study the stages in the life cycle of the 7up container
glass, with consideration to a particular batch.
2. Assess the impacts associated with every stage in the life of
a the bottle
3. Study the span of the
bottles with 7up bottling Company, its end users and back to the Sunglass
Company
1.6 Research
Questions
This research work tends to ask the following questions:
1. What are the stages in the life cycles of the 7up container
bottle?
2. What are the impacts associated with every stage in the life
of a bottle?
3. How long does the 7up Bottling Company use the bottles before
they are returned to Sunglass for recycling?
1.7 Significance
of The Study.
To evaluate the environmental profile of 7 up bottle, through
its life cycle stages and determining its improvement opportunities. , towards
having more sustainable and more environment friendly 7up bottle. The outcome
of the study will help us to understand the requirement and potentiality of 7up
bottle packaging industry.
1.8 Basic
Assumption
The basic assumptions of this study are:
* There are adverse environmental impacts in the life cycle of
7up container glasses that need to be addressed.
* There will be possible solutions to minimize the adverse
environmental impacts by 75%.
The delimitation of this study is to work with data collected
from Sunglass Nigeria Ltd, Kaduna on a particular batch of feed consisting 50%
of Virgin materials for glass and 50% Cullet.
1.10 Scope of the
Study
The study covers raw materials extraction and processing,
heating and melting stage of the raw materials, bottle formation, distribution,
usage and end of life.
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Item Type: Project Material | Size: 68 pages | Chapters: 1-5
Format: MS Word | Delivery: Within 30Mins.
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