ABSTRACT
Angwan Romi is a place in the Chikun Local Government Area
of Kaduna State in Nigeria at 10°25'48" north of the equator and
7°25'12" east of the Greenwich Prime Meridian. Romi River is a body of
running water moving to a lower level in a channel on land. It is on Latitude
10.45 decimal degrees, Longitude 7.37 decimal degrees, DMS Latitude 10° 27 min
0 sec, DMS Longitude7° 22 min 0.012 sec. Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM):
LS25. The people living in Angwan Romi village and environ use the water of River
Romi to supplement their daily water demand which has not been met by government.
They may be at health risk as a result
of usage of Romi River water. The study
was carried out to determine the extent of pollution and self purification of
River ROMI. The study covered a distance of 15Km from the point of effluent
discharge from the Kaduna Refining Petrochemical Company to the point of
outflow into the River Kaduna. The data was collected from July 2009 to
February 2010, to capture the dry and wet seasons and repeated again in July
2011 for validation. The number of sampling points was four with six different
samples collected for each, with composite sampling at site 1 employed. The
samples were analyzed for Dissolved Oxygen (DO), chemical oxygen demand (COD),
Biological oxygen Demand (BOD),pH , nitrogen nitrate, ammonia nitrate,
phosphates, coliform count (serial dilution), heavy metals, total dissolved
solids, temperature, electrical conductivity and discharge and
self-purification capacity. The methodologies employed for the analysis were
according to the standard methods for the analysis of water and waste water.
Most of the water quality parameters were depleted
especially at site 3 where a tributary from Nigerian National Petroleum Company
Housing estate flows into the river. The observed die-off for bacteria colony
count along the Romi River 15 Km course suggested that the stream still can
purify itself. The results show deterioration in river water
quality for the stretch with only a figment of recovery for some parameters
seen at site 4. A model of BOD against Distance was developed from the results
obtained. The average DO value was 6.8 mg/L,6.5 mg/L,6.7 mg/L and 6.8 mg/L at
sites 1,2,3 and 4 respectively in the rainy season and in the dry season it was
5.5 mg/L,6.0 mg/L,6.5 mg/L and 6.3 mg/L respectively. The de-oxygenation rate
was 1.143
d-1. The re-aeration rate was 0.934d-1 which shows that
there is appreciable self purification within this 15Km course. Also the
results show that the concentration of the heavy metals at each site is in the
order of Pb > Cu > Cd. All the parameters monitored indicate serious water
quality impairment along the 15km stretch studied. The deterioration is due to
discharges from KRPC Plant and NNPC housing estate.
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 GENERAL
Rivers have many tributaries that
may spare them from pollution as much as possible. Rivers provide a myriad of
in-stream and consumptive uses; they support flora and fauna, improve aesthetic
and landscape quality, moderate climate and even generate hydropower. However
many rivers are not able to provide some of these because of pollution.
The primary objective of water
quality monitoring is to deliver clean safe water. Water is essential to
sustain life, and a satisfactory (adequate, safe and accessible) supply should
be available to all.
Seven people died and twenty three
hundred people became ill in the town of Walkerton, Ontario in May of 2000
because the drinking water became contaminated with a lethal strain of
bacteria. This tragedy cost the government of Ontario $65 million to conduct
the inquiry. The loss of life and suffering is estimated at an additional $91
million with costs totaling more than $156 million. This tragedy could have
been prevented with an effective water quality monitoring program that included
the use of continuous water quality surveillance Colin N Perkel (2002).
An overview of the multiple use
character of water resources (which includes community /industrial water
supply, electric power generation, recreation, navigation, irrigation , fishing
and disposal of residual waste) and the impact on waste assimilation capacity
of streams provides an orientation to the science and art of applied stream
sanitation.(Oguejiofor, 1995)
The pollution profile of a stream
is easily determined by either measuring levels of pollution at reasonable
intervals along the river course or by using the Streeter-Phelps dissolved
oxygen sag equation. It is also possible to forecast the waste assimilation
capacity and resultant water quality of a stream using the rational method of
stream analysis. This can be obtained for any residual waste effluent loadings
under the range in hydrological variations expected and the impact of man-made
river developments and uses (Oguejiofor, 1995)
1.2 STATEMENT
OF THE RESEARCH PROBLEM
Angwan Romi is a place in the
Chikun Local Government Area(see Figure1.1) of Kaduna State in Nigeria at
10°25'48" north of the equator and 7°25'12" east of the Greenwich
Prime Meridian. Romi River is a body of running water moving to a lower level
in a channel on land (see Figures 1.2,1.3 and 1.4). It is on Latitude 10.45
decimal degrees, Longitude 7.37 decimal degrees, DMS Latitude 10° 27 min 0 sec,
DMS Longitude7° 22 min 0.012 sec. Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM): LS25.
The people living in Angwan Romi village and environ with a population of
60,000 ( Nigeria, 2006 Census figures) use the water of River Romi to
supplement their daily water demand which has not been met by government..They
may be at health risk as a result of usage of Romi River water. Diseases
related to contamination of drinking-water constitute a major burden on human
health. Interventions to improve the quality of drinking-water provide
significant benefits to health.
================================================================
Item Type: Project Material | Size: 68 pages | Chapters: 1-5
Format: MS Word | Delivery: Within 30Mins.
================================================================
No comments:
Post a Comment
Note: Only a member of this blog may post a comment.