ABSTRACT
There is high demand for electrical energy because
electrical energy is very important in both industrial and domestic activities
and that has call for the introduction of different energy meters by various
electricity companies. In Ghana families living in large and compound houses
wish to have separate energy meters from other occupants. This is because
individual’s cannot monitor and control the energy consumption of each
individual and that brings misunderstanding in energy bill sharing which also
brings about a household having about ten energy meters causing overcrowding of
energy meters on the wall of a building which makes the wall loses its beauty
and there is likelihood of fire outbreak in the house because the wires are not
well arranged. Moreover, energy companies need huge sum of money and labour to
produce more energy meters and this can cause financial loss to the energy
companies. This has therefore call for the introduction of smart distribution
switch which will enhance the monitoring and adequate sharing of energy
purchased by the household base on the amount paid by each of the users of the
meter. The amount paid will be entered into the system that will be stored on
EPROM of a microcontroller that will reduce each consumer’s energy base on the
rate of consumption. The smart distribution switch may have different switches
allocated to each user which monitor the consumption rate of each user. It will
then isolate the user connected to a line out when he /she completely consumes
his share.
CHAPTER ONE
1.1 Introduction
Electrical Power is one of the most
important demands of our daily life. Without it most of our activities will not
be successful. Therefore it should be managed very well to enhance the
judicious usage of it. Our homes and residential areas use power for a whole
lot of activities. Because most of the Ghanaian communities live in large
family houses, there is the need for each family or individual to have a
separate energy meter that will measure and monitor the usage of power. Because
each individual cannot monitor the consumption of other family, there is the
need for each person or family to have separate meters, which in turn bring
about a single house or home using multiples of energy meters. The energy
companies need to provide these individuals with meters that constitute a huge
sum of money and labour in their production.
This and other factors that will be
elaborated on later have call for the introduction of Smart Electrical
Distribution Switch (SEDS) that will call for only one meter but may have
multiple phases of connection to the occupants of a house. The amount paid will
be entered into the system that will be stored on EPROM of a microcontroller
that will reduce each user’s energy base on consumption rate. The smart
distribution switch may have different switches allocated to each user.
It will then isolate the user
connected to a line out when he/she completely consumes his share. Smart
distribution switches are devices acting as an interface between the
utility-controlled smart meters and the home area network. These devices
control and take care of the data exchange between smart meters, utility or
service providers and energy-consumption in-house objects. They also manage the
information for several homes, a multi utility controller, also known as gateway of energy, manage and
control the exchange of data for a particular home. The smart distribution
switch is operating as a Data concentrated unit (DCU) that manages the data
input from the occupant in the house. Each network connected to an apartment
will be managed and monitored by the DCU through a console based application
written on the microcontroller. It coordinates the activities between the users
and the meter.
1.2 Background to study
The technological advancement of
this era of human life has made way for any automationto be implemented in our
everyday life. With the help of information technology and electronic theories,
a lot has been achieved in the electrical engineering field to supplement human
activities. A lot of situations have arisen since the introduction of
electrical energy generation and distribution towards its purchase and usage.
The utility company is always concerned with efficiency, reliability and
security. The primary difficulty to efficient power management are losses but
can sometimes be minimized in a way. Losses are supposed to be any used energy
that goes unbilled or unmetered. In the electrical field, non-technical losses
are introduced by pilferage and theft.
Non-technical losses are energy
pilferages and stealing of power, meters that are defective which create or
generate wrong figures or errors in meter readings, wrongful estimation of
meter readings, un-metered or consumers who don’t use energy meters but they
are rated (flat rate), customers who adjust or tamper with their meters, free
power usage (for legally connected consumers), illegal connections, etc. These
Non-technical losses (NTL) account for over 70% of the total losses
representing several hundreds of kilo Volts Amperes. Critical consideration of
all the non-technical losses sum up to metering losses. The reason is that
suppliers of power cannot effectively monitor what is happening at the consumer
end and therefore take the most efficient and necessary action. As a result
of this, the electricity company of Ghana (ECG) has come out with a number of
technologies in energy meter to address this problem. These included:
electromechanical induction meters or standard meters, prepayment card electric
meters, solid state electric meters or electronic meters and presently, pole
prepaid card meters. This piece of work concentrates on the ability to monitor
and control consumer end users. Electricity distribution is a sector of
electricity where technological evolution is gradual at least in the network
assets. However, there is a rapid advancement in telecommunication area in the
last few years. The present goal is towards remote metering reading, and
electricity or energy consumption monitoring consumption which is also known as
advanced metering infrastructure. Drastic reduction in prices of metering and
telecommunication equipment makes their usage and adoption feasible
economically.
ECG is switching from postpaid
(that is Electromechanical energy meter) to prepaid. Because the postpaid
energy meter is not totally eliminated, the Smart Electrical Distribution
Switch measures individual’s consumption and the energy in Kwh is shown on the
screen. The energy or power consumed is calculated according to ratios.
With the prepaid the total power
bought is calculated according to the individual’s contributions in ratios, and
this will also be shown on the screen.
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===================================================================Item Type: Ghanaian Topic | Size: 73 pages | Chapters: 1-5
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