ABSTRACT
This research work investigated the influence of broken home on academic performance among primary school pupils in Paikoro Local Government Area of Niger State. The study employed descriptive survey design. A total of 300 primary six pupils from broken home took part in the study; out of which sixty-nine (23%) pupils whose parents are dead, one hundred and eleven (37%) pupils from separated parents and one hundred twenty (40%) pupils from divorced parents. Academic Performance Test score on English Language and Mathematics (APTELM) was used for data collection. Three research questions were answered with mean and standard deviation and three hypotheses were tested using t-test statistics at 0.05 level of significance. Results of the analysis indicated that parental death had no significant differential influence on the academic performance of primary school Boys and Girls. Similarly, result also showed no significant differential influence of parental separation and divorce on academic performance of primary school pupils in the study area. Finally result of analysis also revealed a significant differential influence of parental care on academic performance of primary school pupils brought up by either the fathers or the mothers. Based on these findings, it was recommended that Counsellors, School Psychologists, Teachers and school authorities should pay attention to set of pupils that lost their parents through proper counselling and other supportive services, in order to make them focused on their academic activities. Pupils from separated and divorce parents should be encouraged and given all support to enhance their academic performance irrespective of gender through counseling interventions.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title Page
Operational Definition of Terms
Abstract
Table of Contents
List of Tables
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background to the Study
1.2 Statement of the Problem
1.3 Objectives of the Study
1.4 Research Questions
1.5 Hypotheses
1.6 Basic Assumptions
1.7 Significance of the Study
1.8 Scope and Delimitation
CHAPTER TWO: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Broken Home
2.2.1 Concept of Broken Home
2.2.2 Causes of Broken Home
2.2.3 Ways of Minimizing Broken Homes
2.3 Concept of Academic Performance
2.3.1 Measurement of Academic Performance
2.4 Theoretical Framework
2.4.1 Abraham Maslow Hierarchy of Needs
2.4.2 Aguilera Psychological Model (2008)
2.4.3 Social Learning Theory by Albert Bandura
2.4.4 Learned Helplessness Theory by Martin Seligman (1970)
2.5 Review of Empirical Studies
2.6 Summary
CHAPTER THREE: METHODOLOGY
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Research Design
3.3 Population
3.4 Sample and Sampling Techniques
3.5 Instrumentation
3.5.2 Validity of the Instrument
3.5.3 Pilot Testing
3.5.4 Reliability of the Instrument
3.6 Procedure for Data Collection
3.7 Procedure for Data Analysis
CHAPTER FOUR: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Demographic Variable of the Respondents
4.3 Answer to Research Questions
4.4 Testing of Research Hypotheses
4.5 Summary of Major Findings
4.6 Discussion of Findings
CHAPTER FIVE: SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Summary
5.3 Conclusion
5.4 Recommendations
5.5 Suggestions for Further Studies
5.5 Contributions to Knowledge
References
Appendices
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background to the Study
Family is the child‟s first place of social organization. The children as a result acquire initial education and socialization from the parents and other significant persons in the family. Family lays the psychological, moral and spiritual foundation in the overall development of the child. Where and when there is harmony within the family, it translates to a happy home for the child. In happy homes, healthy and peaceful coexistence prevail amongst family members, which in turn breed healthy and happy children. Very often, chances are that some homes are broken that is the members are not living/staying together either as a result of death, separation, divorce or the like. A broken home in this context, refers to a home that is characterized with single parent, as result of divorce, separation, death of one of the parents.
Hammond as cited by Alhassan, (2008) discovered that pupils of broken homes exhibit much negative measures such as distractibility, acting out, with time received from others, these go a long way to influence their academic performance in the schools. Kenkel as cited by Alhassan, (2008) indicated that a child in the incomplete family is socially and psychologically deprived of a father-figure either to emulate directly or to look for a model of the opposite sex. “In terms of other long-term consequences for children, parental disruption has been shown to be associated with lower socio-economic and academic attainment”. Wiseman, as cited by Abbas (2010), It can be deduced/inferred that broken homes may affect the development of the children in all aspects of their life. Thus, children of broken homes may be emotionally imbalance and psychologically depressed.
A broken home can also be viewed as to be separated from mother or father, and is like to lose part of the body (Landuccias cited by Igbinosa, 2014). Life in a broken home can be stressful for both the child and the parent, and such families are faced with challenges of inadequate financial resource. Schutts (2006) noted that if children from broken homes are to be compared with those from intact homes, it would be seen that the former have more social, academic and emotional problems. Rochlkepart (2003) is of the opinion that the family and its structure play a great role in children‟s academic performance. Ayodele (2007) stated that the environment where a child finds himself goes a long way in determining his learning ability and ultimately his academic performance in school.
Broken homes may bring about stress, tension, lack of motivation and frustration obviously these manifestations may act negatively on a Pupil academic performance. Johnson as cited in (Igbinosa, 2014) indicated that children of unmarried parents or separated families often fail and are at risk emotionally. However, this may not be completely applicable in all cases of broken homes. Some children irrespective of home background or structure may work hard and become successful in life. Poor academic performance has over the years become rampant, more pronounced and a peculiar feature in the institutions of learning. This has generated a lot of concern among parents, teachers, counselors, educational administrator, as well as in government circle. Broken homes, while being a problem of couples are largely a problem of the nation as a whole. Therefore, the influence of broken homes on pupil academic performance is the major concern of this study and the need to know the influence of broken homes on pupil academic performance in the study area. The researcher wants to ascertain the influence
1.2 Statement of the Problem
The history of broken homes in Paikoro Local Government Area dates back to the traditional days when there were no legally constituted courts to settle the disputes among couples. Thus differences were taken to the council of elders in the extended family system. The woman stressed her grievance and the husband is called upon by the eldest person in the family or village head for amicable settlement. In a situation where the unwanted behavior continued then the woman could report grievances to her parents. The parents of the woman or herself, has the sole responsibility to seek for divorce or separation. During these olden days, broken homes were not pronounced and where there were few of such cases it was considered as taboo; as such the rates of broken homes was minimal in the study area. But in present modern age, particularly in Nigeria, where women are expected to shoulder effectively domestic responsibilities, but due engagement in place of work, which prevent them from discharging their responsibilities, in most case tend to create conflict that may lead to broken homes.
It is worthy to note that majority of the families in Paikoro Local Government Area predominantly operate polygamous family system. This has a lot of implications to the stability of the marriage of many couples in the study area. For instance, a man who is not economically viable to maintain one wife but yet gets married to two or more wives through parental and peer group influence may definitely not be able to cater for the family.
However, there is a global awareness on the importance of home environment and parental care on pupils‟ academic performance. The family being the most important
The emotional and social stress of broken homes may cause hardship, such as inability to resume classes as at when due, inability to purchase necessary learning materials, nonpayment of dues and levies, lack guidance and counselling, monitoring and supervision, insecurity, lack of freedom from oppression, denial of early education. The presence of a broken home condition may adversely affect pupil`s concentration on their studies and regular attendance in school, it may also lead to exams failures and also impede academic performance as the pupil is unable to take advantage of learning opportunities at school and at home, for these pupils to be in school with various psychological home conditions will no doubt be in disequilibrium state of mind. It is against this background, the researcher examined influence of broken homes on academic performances of the pupils (male and female) in public primary schools in paikoro local government area of Niger State.
1.3 Objectives of the Study
The study sets out to achieve the following objectives,
1. To ascertain the differential influence of parental death on academic performance of primary school Boys and Girls in Paikoro Local Government Area.
2. To find out the differential influence of parental separation and parental divorce on academic performance of primary school pupils in Paikoro Local Government Area.
3. To investigate the differential influence of parental care on academic performance of primary school pupils brought up by either the mother or father in Paikoro Local Government Area.
1.4 Research Questions
For the purpose of this study, the following research questions guided the study.
1. What is the differential influence of parental death on academic performance of primary school Boys and Girls in Paikoro Local Government Area?
2. What is the differential influence of parental separation and parental divorce on academic performance of primary school pupils in Paikoro Local Government Area?
3. What is the differential influence of parental care on academic performance of Primary school pupils brought up by either the mother or father in Paikoro Local Government Area?
1.5 Hypotheses
For the purpose of this research work, the following hypotheses were tested;
HO1 There is no significant differential influence of parental death on academic
performance of primary school Boys and Girls in Paikoro Local Government
Area.
HO2 There is no significant differential influence of parental separation and divorce on
academic performance of primary school pupils in Paikoro Local Government
Area.
HO3 There is no significant differential influence of parental care on academic
performance of primary school pupils brought up by either the mother or the
father in Paikoro Local Government Area.
1.6 Basic Assumptions
This study has the following basic assumptions:
1. That parental death may have differential influence on academic performance of primary schools Boys and Girls in Paikoro Local Government Area.
2. That parental separation and parental divorce may have differential influence on academic performance of primary school pupils in Paikoro Local Government Area.
3. That parental care either by the mother or the father may have differential influence on academic performance of primary schools pupils in Paikoro Local Government Area.
1.7 Significance of the Study
The essence of this research work could be seen from its scope. The study had attempted to provide empirical research findings on the influence of broken home on
Curriculum planning; Curriculum Planners will find it handy and would benefit them by knowing that the general and rigid curriculum that is one – size – fits- all would no longer meet the needs of every learners. The study has provided valid information to curriculum planners on learners from broken homes and it will be employed in simplify existing curriculum.
Counsellors; the study has provided the school guidance counsellors with vital information that will help them to guide their clients from broken homes, as well as educational administrators and regulators. It will also serve as a reference material for further studies in the field. The findings of this study serve as useful information that will be used for theory formation in marital counseling.
Students; The study provide students with needed information on home background and academic performance, and this will go a long way to facilitate his/her preparation to excel in academic pursuit and life in general (economically, physically/spiritually, socially, as well as morally).
Religious Institutions; the study also provide religious leaders with needed information
1.8 Scope and Delimitation
The scope of this study covered class six pupils from selected public primary schools in Paikoro local government area of Niger state Nigeria, this enables the researcher to make certain generalization concerning the home and the school on one hand and the home and academic performance on the other hand. The study is delimited to Pupils from broken home in class five down to class one in public primary school and private primary school in Paikoro Local Government Area of Niger State.
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