ABSTRACT
Soybean, like any other legume can fix atmospheric N through
symbiotic association with native rhizobia but, the amount of N2
fixed is usually not enough due to existence of ineffective population of
native rhizobia. A field experiment was conducted in 2015 at CSIR-CRI
demonstration field to study the interactive effect of inoculation and nitrogen
fertilization effect on the growth, nodulation and nitrogen fixation, grain
yield and protein content, as well as remobilization of N using three soybean
varieties. The experiment was a 3x6 factorial experiment laid out in a
Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications. The factors were:
soybean varieties (Anidaso, Quarshie and Salentuya 1) and the nitrogen sources:
(control, 30 and 60 kg N/ha, inoculation alone, inoculation+30 kg N/ha and
inoculation + 60 kg N/ha. The seeds were inoculated before sowing. All cultural
practices were carried out when needed. The results showed that, inoculated
plants of all three varieties established better than their corresponding
uninoculated plants. Again, inoculation resulted in significantly greater
nodule numbers, nodule dry weight and nitrogen fixation. Also growth, grain
yield and protein content were all enhanced following seed inoculation.
Application of fertilizer N at grain filling period increased seed yield,
especially at the rate of 30 kg N/ha. Lastly, remobilization of N occurred in
all treatments, but was greater in treatments with greater availability of N.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABSTRACT
TABLE OF CONTENTS
LIST OF TABLES
LIST OF FIGURE
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Objectives
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Origin and history
2.2 Botany
2.3 Morphological description
2.4 Climate and soil
2.4.1 Soil
2.4.2 Moisture supply
2.4.3 Photoperiod and
temperature
2.5 Soil available nitrogen
2.6 Why N application in
soybean is necessary
2.7 Inoculation
2.8 Nodulation, biological
nitrogen fixation (BNF) and factors affecting BNF
2.9 Rate of nitrogen
application on soybean yield
2.10 Nitrogen application and
remobilization on yield of soybean
2.11 Inoculation and nitrogen
effect on soybean growth and yield
2.12 Inoculation and nitrogen
effect on crude protein content of soybean growth and yield
2.13 Importance and uses of
soybean
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 MATERIALS AND METHODS
3.1 Description of experimental
site
3.1.1 Land preparation
3.2 Enumeration of population
of soil rhizobia
3.3 Inoculation
3.4 Planting
3.5 Experimental design and
treatments
3.6 Data collection
3.6.1. Seedling emergence
3.6.2 Plant height
3.6.3 Canopy spread
3.6.4 Number of leaves
3.6.5 Number of branches
3.6.6 Nodule count and
effectiveness
3.6.7 Nodule dry weight
3.6.8 Number of pods per
plant
3.6.9 Pod length
3.6.10 Number of seeds per
pod
3.6.11 Seed width
3.6.12 100 Seed weight
3.6.13 Grain yield
3.6.14 Harvest index
3.6.15 Haulm weight
3.6.16 Total N fixation
3.6.17 N Remobilization
between R1 and R5
3.6.18 Seed and residue N
3.6.19 Crude protein content
3.7 Cultural practices
3.7.1 Irrigation
3.7.2 Thinning
3.7.3 Weeding
3.7.4 Pest management
3.7.5 Harvesting
3.8 Statistical analysis
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 RESULTS
4.1 Crop establishment
4.2 Plant height
4.3 Canopy spread
4.4 Number of leaves
4.5 Number of branches
4.6 Number of pods
4.7 Pod weight
4.8 Pod length
4.9 Number of seeds per pod
4.10 One hundred seed weight
4.11 Seed N
4.12 Residue N
4.13 Total N
4.14 Number of nodules
4.15 Nodule dry weight
4.16 Crude protein
4.17 Total grain yield
4.18 Remobilized N
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 DISCUSSION
5.1 Response of soybean
growth to N
5.2 Response of soybean grain
yield and yield components
5.3 Variety, N and crude protein
content of soybean
5.4 Nodulation and nitrogen
fixation
5.5 Variety and treatment
effect on N remobilization
CHAPER SIX
6.0 CONCLUSION AND
RECOMMENDATION
6.1 Conclusion
6.2 Recommendations
REFERENCES
APPENDIX
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Soybean (Glycine max L) is an annual herbaceous plant in the Fabaceae
(legume or bean family) (Tefera, 2011). It is an economically important
leguminous crop on a worldwide scale and also the most important legume in
China. Among the important food crops grown in every part of the continent is
soybean. The crop can be cultivated in many places with low level of
agricultural inputs (Gan et al., 2003; Dugde et al., 2009). Soybean is an
important protein source in the diet of humans and ration of animals;
containing considerable amounts of all essential minerals, oils, vitamins and
amino acids (Tefera, 2011).
The protein content of soybean is around 40% and the oil
content is approximately 20% which is also 85% unsaturated and cholesterol-free
and also the main source of vegetable oil worldwide. It is recorded as the
legume with the highest protein content and vegetable oil among the other crops
produced (IITA, 2009). Thirty percent of the oil produced worldwide is from
soybean and it also serves as bio-fuel source (Graham and Vance, 2003).
Biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) occurs in many legumes due
to symbiotic association with soil rhizobia. Soybeans like other legumes are
also able to establish associations with other rhizobia specifically Bradyrhizobium
japonicuin (Paulo et al., 2009). It is widely known that inoculation of legumes
with effective compatible rhizobia can enhance yields through biological
nitrogen fixation and this accounts for a substitute and sustainable source of
nitrogen for inorganic fertilizers. Introduction of rhizobia in the soil is a
practice that has been used over decades in the absence of compatible rhizobia or when native rhizobia population is low or inefficient to
fix nitrogen (Catroux et al., 2001; Deaker et al., 2004; Stephens and Rask,
2000).
Most farmers take advantage of legume-rhizobia associations
by applying rhizobia inoculant to seeds or soils. Rhizobial inoculants are
available in many formulations: granular inoculants are applied over the soil
after sowing (Lupwayi et al., 2006); liquid inoculants are mostly used in large
areas, mainly with soybean, in South America (Paulo et al., 2009). However,
commercial inoculants are available as solid- in powder from peat or in
granular form or as liquid formulation (Stephen and Rask, 2000). Inoculant use
accounts for greater root biomass and an increase in nodulation, which
increases plant vigour and yield. Even though the cost of inoculation is
relatively low, nodule failure is very expensive, as without root nodulation
with effective rhizobia, the plants will use soil nitrogen for their growth
making the soil nitrogen deficient (Bowen and Hogg, 2010).
Soybean can fix between 50-80% of the nitrogen required
(Solomon et al., 2012) but most soybean varieties cannot meet all the N
required for growth and development of seeds only through fixation. Bradyrhizobium
japonicum has been reported to be rarely available in Ghanaian soils because
soybean does not originate from Ghana (Okogun and Sanginga, 2003). Moreover, in
soils with no previous record of soybean production, bradyrhizobia populations
are often not present, and therefore for successful nodule formation, it may
require clearly identified bradyrhizobium species for N2 fixation to be
effective (Abaidoo et al., 2007). The success of inoculation however, does not
only depend on the inoculant quality and proper inoculation practice but also
on the achievement of efficient and effective BNF by considering factors that
affect the performance of the rhizobia species such as climatic, edaphic,
management factors and legume genotype (Giller, 2001; Sanginga et al.,1995;
Giller and Wilson, 1991).
In soybean, nitrogen obtained from nodule and fertilizer is
the most crucial element for ensuring good growth rate of the source
(photosynthetic organs) and also ensuring growth of flower buds at vegetative
stage. In effect, nitrogen translocation efficiency from vegetative to
reproductive organs has influence on yield at pod filling stage (Nakamura et al.,
2010). Reduction of N from the vegetative parts enhances leaf fall and thus
limits the photosynthetic ability of the leaf canopy. This results in reduced
yield by cutting short the seed filling period (Kumudini et al., 2002).
Several studies have shown that nitrogen fertilizer applied
during the reproductive stage (R1 to R5) is likely to increase the capacity and
duration of inorganic N utilization periods. Supplying N to soybean plant
during the peak of seed demand may supplement N existing resources, thus
overcoming premature senescence and increase seed yield (Barker and Sawyer,
2005; Freeborn et al., 2001).
1.1 Objectives
The main objective of this research was to determine the
response of soybean to inoculation and different nitrogen fertilizer levels on
the growth and yield of soybean.
The specific objectives of the study were to determine the;
response of soybean to inoculation and their effect on
nodulation and nitrogen fixation,
effect of inoculation on growth, grain yield and crude
protein content of soybean,
effect of nitrogen availability on nitrogen remobilization
between R1 and R5 growth stages in soybean.
The above objectives were based on the hypothesis that;
inoculation of soybean will increase nodulation and nitrogen
fixation,
inoculation will increase growth, grain yield and crude
protein content of soybean,
nitrogen availability on nitrogen remobilization between R1
and R5 growth stages in soybean will positively be affected.
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