ABSTRACT
Human activities such as
industrial amounts of heavy metals into surface and ground water, soils and
ultimately to the biosphere. In the present study the levels of some selected
heavy metals ( irrigation water sampled from selected Woredas of Gombe, Northern
Region, Nigeria were analyzed. 1 kg from every sample was air dried,
mechanically ground using a stainless steel roller an g subsample was drawn
from the bulk soil (2 mm fraction) and reground to obtain 200 using a mortar
and pestle. The digestion method optimized for soil sample by FAO Digestion
method has been 0.5 g of dried and homogenized soil sample was taken in to a
flask and treated as follows. To each 6 mL of aqua 30 % H parameters such as
temperature and time. The contents of the minerals in the digests were analyzed
using flame atomic absorption spectrometer (FA were found
in soil: Zn ( 67.6), Pb ( study, all heavy metals were not found (below
method detection limit) in water samples. concentration of heavy metals in the
soil which was collected from sites in which vege was determined in this study.
The range level of Zn, Cu were 110.97 respectively. Cr, Ni, Cu, Pb. heavy
metals determined in soils were compared with standard values and found below
the tolerance level.
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
Heavy metal
pollution in soils refers to cases where the quantities of the elements in
soils are higher than maximum allowable concentrations and this is potentially
harmful to biological life at such locations (Adeleken, 2011). Metals enter the
soil as organ complexes, such as those used in fertilization to correct
micronutrient deficiencies or those possibly present in discharge from a
nuclear fuel separation facility (Cataldo, 1978). Heavy metals occur at typical
background in all ecosystems, however, anthropogenic releases can result in
higher concentrations of these metals relative to their normal background
values hence the pollution (Adeleken, 2011). Heavy metals released from
vehicular emission can accumulate in surface soils and their deposition over
time can lead to abnormal enrichment, thus causing metal contamination of the
surface soils (Fong et al., 2008).
High concentrations usually occur in soils below or near landfills and
agricultural lands that have been irrigated with contaminated water (Mamtaz,
2006). Studies have shown that both long term and short term contamination of
soils have effects on microbial activity and enzyme activities of the soil
(Alloway, 1994). The toxicity and mobility of heavy metals in soils depend not
only on the total concentration but also on their specific chemical form,
bonding state, metal properties, environmental factors, soil properties and
organic matter content (Osu, 2011). Exposure of children, generally accepted as
the highest risk group who have a higher adsorption rate of heavy metals
because of their active digestion system and sensitivity of haemoglobin, to
heavy metals, can greatly increase ingestion of metal laden soil particles via
hand –tomouth activities. In addition, adults may be exposed to threat since
inhalation is easier pathway for toxic metals to enter their body (Fong et al., 2008).
Heavy metals in water: The contamination of fresh waters
with a wide range of pollutants has become a matter of great concern over the
last few decades (AlWeher, 2008).The aquatic systems receive a large amount of
heavy metals from natural occurring deposits and natural processes and
anthropogenic activities (Wogu, 2011). Anthropogenic sources arising from human
activities such as industrial, municipal effluents, as well as nonpoint source
run off are the main sources of metals in rivers (Pint, 1976). Discharge of
heavy metals into rivers or any other aquatic environment can change both
aquatic species diversity and ecosystems due to their toxicity and accumulative
behaviour (AlWeher, 2008). Heavy metals dissolved in water also endanger the
lives of the public who use it for drinking and also irrigation. When used for
irrigation heavy metals have the danger of being incorporated in food chain and
therefore ingested by the public (Wogu, 2011). Heavy metals accumulate in the
soils at toxic levels as a result of long term application of untreated waste
water and therefore soils irrigated by wastewater accumulate heavy metals in
their soil surface. When the capacity of the soil to retain heavy metals is
reduced due to repeated application of waste water, the metals leach into
ground water or soil solution available for uptake (Sonayei et al., 2009).
Atomic spectroscopy: This technique is applicable to most gas phase
elements over a wide range of concentrations and involves detecting, measuring
and analyzing radiation that is either absorbed or emitted from the atoms or
ions of the element of interest. It involves three techniques: absorption,
emission and fluorescence. In all the above, the sample is decomposed by
intense heat into hot gases consisting of free atoms and ions of the element of
interest (McMahon, 2007).
General Objective: To investigate the level of heavy metals in irrigation
water and soil irrigated in selected woreda’s of Gombe, Nigeria.
•
To analysis physicochemical parameters of water
•
To determine heavy metals concentrations from soil
which used for irrigation purpose
•
To determine the levels of heavy metals in irrigation
water
•
To correlate the levels of heavy metals in soil
samples
•
To compare the obtained results with other accepted
values
SIGNIFICANT OF THE STUDY
• It is
believed that at the completion of this study, the findings will be of great
importance to the pharmaceutical industry as the study will seek to enumerate
the impact of heavy metal present in waste water on pharmaceutical industries.
The study will also be of great importance to the inhabitant of Gombe
metropolis as the study seeks to enumerate the effluent of heavy metals
presents on waste water presents. The study will also be useful to researchers
who intend to embark on research in similar topic; finally, the findings of
this study will also be immense benefit to government, academia, scholars,
researchers and the general public.
SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF THE STUDY
The scope of the study covers the effects of heavy metals presents in
irrigation water in Gombe state, Nigeria. But in the course of the study there
are some constrain which limited the scope of the study================================================================
Item Type: Project Material | Size: 44 pages | Chapters: 1-5
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