TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title page
Abstract
Table of Contents
Abbreviations
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Preamble
1.2 Research Problems
1.3 Justification
1.4 Aim and Objectives
1.5 Scope of the study
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Background
2.2 The Tanning Process (a general overview)
2.2.1 Beam house operations
2.3 Pollutants in a Tannery
2.3.1 Fleshing
2.3.2 Sulphide (S2-)
2.4 Technologies in Solid Waste Treatment
2.4.1 Landfill disposal
2.4.2 Thermal incineration
2.4.3 Anaerobic digestion
2.5 Chemical Characteristics of Biogas Products
2.5.1 Methane
2.5.2 Carbon (IV) oxide
2.5.3 Trace components
2.6 Anaerobic Digestion Parameters
2.6.1 Temperature
2.6.2 pH values and optimum intervals
2.6.3 Volatile fatty acids (VFA)
2.6.4 Ammonia
2.6.5 Macro and micronutrients (trace elements) and toxic compounds
2.6.6 Loading rate
2.6.7 Retention time
2.7 Hydrogen sulphide
2.7.1 Removal of hydrogen sulphide
2.8 Sodium and Calcium Alginate
2.8.1 Physical properties
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 MATERIALS AND METHODS
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Materials, Reagents and Apparatus/ Equipment
3.2.1 Materials
3.2.2 Reagents
3.2.3 Apparatus/Equipment
3.3 Determination of Various Parameters in the Liquor Samples
3.3.1 pH determination
3.3.2 Ammonia-N determination (Lovibond comparator method)
3.3.3 Biological oxygen demand (BOD) (BOD incubation method)
3.3.4 Chemical oxygen demand (COD) (closed reflux method)
3.3.5 Chloride determination (Mohr‘s method)
3.3.6 Sulphide determination (iodometric method)
3.3.7 Calcium determination
3.4 The Production of Biogas
3.4.1 Principle of biogas characterization using Biogas 5000
3.4.2 Engineering parameters
3.5 Determination of Temperature, pH and Volatile Fatty Acid Concentration
3.5.1 Temperature
3.5.2 pH
3.5.3 Titrimetric method for determination for VFA determination
3.6 Desulfurization Method
3.6.1 Use of sodium alginate
3.6.2 Use of calcium alginate beads
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Properties of the Beam House Effluents
4.3 Biogas Composition of Different Diluents
4.3.1 Effect of diluents on methane concentration
4.3.2 Effect of diluents on hydrogen sulphide concentration
4.4 Effect of Co-Digestion on Methane Concentration
4.5 Effect of Adding Alginates to Co-Substrates
4.5.1 Effect of sodium alginate addition on methane concentration of co-substrates
4.5.2 Effect of calcium alginate addition on methane concentration of co-substrates
4.5.3 Effect of alginate addition on hydrogen sulphide concentration of co-substrate
4.6 Comparative Effect of Alginates (Na+ and Ca2+) on Biogas Volume
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 CONCLUSIONS, CONTRIBUTIONS TO KNOWLEDGE AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 Conclusions
5.2 Contributions to Knowledge
5.3 Recommendations
REFERENCES
APPENDIX
ABSTRACT
The subjects of interest in this work were the production of biogas via anaerobic co-digestion of tannery fleshing and cow-dung; and the reduction of sulphide concentration by direct inclusion of sodium and calcium alginate. Comparison of the efficacy of various tannery beam house effluents as substrate diluents indicated that the soaking liquor was most favourable. Use of soaking liquor gave highest methane concentration of 11.8%v/v as against 8.8%v/v, 1.2%v/v, and 4.1%v/v when deliming liquor, liming liquor and a combination of the entire beam house liquors were used respectively. Effect of various fleshing to cow-dung ratio of 1:0, 1:0.5, 1:1 and 1:2 were investigated. The optimum was established to be ratio 1:2 as indicated by the highest methane concentration of 45%v/v as against 1.9%v/v, 5.1%v/v, 7.3%v/v for 1:0, 1:0.5 and 1:1 respectively. The ability of minute concentration of sodium and calcium alginates (0.01% wt/v) introduced from the beginning of the anaerobic digestion cycle to increase methane concentration and reduce hydrogen sulphide concentration was ascertained. The alginates acted as chelating ligands thereby boosting methane production and reducing sulphide concentration. Methane concentration was significantly boosted to 70.1%v/v and 63.8%v/v with the addition of sodium alginate and calcium alginate beads respectively, as against 45%v/v for a similar digestion sample without alginate. Generally, sodium alginate performed better than calcium alginate beads both of 0.01% wt/v. However, an increase in concentration of calcium alginate beads to 0.03% wt/v performed better than sodium alginate of 0.01% wt/v. In addition, inclusion of the alginates to the digestion system shortens the retention time for biogas production and hydrogen sulphide evolution. This work thus recommends soaking liquor as diluent in the anaerobic digestion of tannery fleshing, use of tannery fleshing and cow-dung in the ratio of 1:2 for anaerobic co-digestion and the use of sodium and calcium alginates (0.01% wt/v) acting as chelating ligands to remove hydrogen sulphide and boost methane production above 20%.
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Preamble
Leather processing is one of the earliest industrial activities taken up by humans (Germann, 1999). Leather processing otherwise called tanning, is a chemical process that converts animal hides and skin into leather and related products. The tanning (leather) industry is of economic importance; should all the hides and skins processed in Nigeria be converted to footwear, the total foreign exchange will amount to 96 billion naira per annum (Paiko, 2002). According to ComTrade for 2010, Nigeria exports around 40 million skins valued in excess of 480 billion naira and representing about 2.9% of global trade in hide and skin. Despite the foregoing economic viability of the industry, it suffers serious environmental shortcomings in terms of the intensity of hazardous pollutants ranging from solids to heavy metals. Presently, most tanneries within the country have poor effluent treatment approach, which do not take cognizance of reuse, reduce or conversion of its waste to wealth. However, uncontrolled waste dumping is no longer an acceptable practice and incineration of organic wastes is now outdated in environmental control parlance. Environmental standards are increasingly getting stricter, while energy recovery and recycling of nutrients and organic matter is being promoted (Teodorita et al., 2008).
A detailed overview of tanning industry reveals the beam house to be the major source of solid pollutant and equally produces the largest part of the effluent load. The characteristic foul odour of tanneries is due to high sulphide load and putrefaction of fleshing and trimmings which constitute 58% of its total solid waste (Ozgunay, 2007). Researchers have....
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