TABLE OF CONTENTS
Titles Pages
Abstract
Table of Contents
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study
1.2 Statement of Research Problems
1.3 Justification
1.4 Aim of the study
1.5 Research Objectives
1.6 Research Hypotheses
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Classification of Mosquitoes
2.2 Characteristics of Mosquitoes
2.3 Life Cycle of Mosquitoes
2.4 Description of Larvae and Adults of Some Mosquito Species
2.4.1 Culex quinquefasciatus (Say)
2.4.2 Aedes aegypti (L)
2.4.3 Aedes vittatus (Bigot)
2.5 Distribution of Mosquitoes
2.6 Public Health Importance of Mosquito
2.7 Phytochemicals
2.8 Description of Plants Used
2.9 Control of Mosquito
2.10 Previous Studies on Larvicidal Efficacies of Some Plant Extracts on Mosquito Larvae
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 MATERIALS AND METHODS
3.1 Study Area
3.2 Collection and Identification of Plant Materials
3.3 Preparation of Plant Materials
3.4 Extraction of Plant Materials
3.5 Physicochemical Characterization of Seed Extracts
3.5.1 Acid value
3.5.2 Iodine value
3.5.3 Saponification value
3.5.4 Peroxide value
3.5.5 Colour and state of oil
3.5.6 Refractive index determination
3.5.7 Fatty acid and allied metabolites compositions
3.6 Collection and Identification of Mosquito Larvae for Bioassays
3.7 Mosquito Bioassays
3.7.1 Laboratory bioassay
3.7.2 Simulated field bioassay
3.8 Statistical Analysis of Data
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 RESULTS
4.1 Physicochemical Composition of Terminalia catappa and Tamarindus indica Seed Extracts
4.2 Larvicidal Effects of Terminalia catappa Seed Extract Against Mosquitoes
4.2.1 Effect on Aedes aegypti
4.2.2 Effect on Aedes vittatus
4.2.3 Effect on Culex quinquefasciatus
4.3 Larvicidal Effects of Tamarindus indica Seed Extract Against Mosquitoes
4.1.1 Effect on Aedes aegypti
4.1.2 Effect on Aedes vittatus
4.1.3 Effect on Culex quinquefasciatus
4.4 Comparative Larvicidal Efficacies of Terminalia catappa and Tamarindus indica Seed Extracts Against the Three Mosquito Species
4.4.1 Under laboratory conditions
4.4.2 Under simulated field conditions
4.5 Comparative Larvicidal Efficacies of Terminalia catappa and Tamarindus indica Seed Extracts Against the three Mosquito Species Under Laboratory and Simulated field Study Conditions
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 DISCUSSIONS
CHAPTER SIX
6.0 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
6.1 Conclusions
6.2 Recommendations
REFERENCES
APPENDICES
ABSTRACT
Phytochemical characteristics of petroleum ether extracted seeds of the Indian almond,
Terminalia catappa (L.) (Combretaceae) and the tamarind, Tamarindus indica (L.) (Fabaceae) for their larvicidal prospects against third instar larvae of Aedes aegypti,
Ae. aegypti mortality of 81% and 55% and LC50 values of 4.840mL/L and 10.884mL/L; highest larval Ae. vittatus mortality of 53% and 45% and LC50 of 11.143mL/L and 9.099mL/L; highest larval Cx. quinquefasciatus mortality of 91% and 80% and LC50 of 2.275mL/L and 3.055mL/L, under laboratory and simulated field conditions respectively.
Tamarindus indica seed oil caused significantly (p < 0.05) highest larval Ae. aegypti mortality of 99% and 95% and LC50 values of 1.248mL/L and 1.359mL/L; highest larval
Ae. vittatus mortality of 60% and 76% and LC50 of 4.842mL/L and 1.191mL/L; highest larval Cx. quinquefasciatus mortality of 95% and 100% and LC50 of 0.690mL/L and 0.625mL/L, under laboratory and simulated field conditions respectively. Tamarindus. indica extract was a better larvicidal agent against the three mosquito species than T. catappa. Seed extracts of both trees could thus be adopted in mosquito control operations.
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study
Mosquitoes are the most important single group of insects well-known for their public health importance. Since they act as vectors for many tropical and subtropical diseases, they cause nuisance by their bites and also transmit deadly diseases like malaria, filariasis, yellow fever, dengue and Japanese encephalitis, which contribute significantly to poverty and social debility in tropical countries (Jang et al., 2002; Tiwary et al., 2007). They can transmit more diseases than any group of arthropods and affect millions of people throughout the world. World Health Organization (WHO) has declared mosquitoes as “public enemy number one” (WHO, 1996).
Aedes species are important vectors of yellow fever, dengue, encephalitis viruses and many other arboviruses, and in a few restricted areas they are also vectors of Wuchereria bancrofti and Brugia malayi, (Kandaswamy et al., 2012). Aedes aegypti is the primary vector of dengue and chikungunya. Aedes vitattus is a vector of chikungunya and yellow fever (Misvar et al., 2014).
Culex quinquefasciatus (Say), commonly known as the southern house mosquito is a medium-sized brown mosquito that exists throughout the tropics and the lower latitudes of temperate regions. Culex quinquefasciatus is the primary vector of St. Louis encephalitis virus and also transmits West Nile virus (Hill and Connelly, 2013). Despite progress in vaccine development, no effective and acceptable multivalent vaccines are currently available against mosquito-borne diseases (Klempner et al., 2007).....
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