TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABSTRACT
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Statement of Research Problem
1.2 Justification
1.3 Aims and Objectives
1.3.1 General Aim
1.3.2 Specific Objectives
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Mosquito
2.1.3 Life Cycle of Aedes
2.1.4 Mosquito Morphology and Feeding Habits
2.1.5 Mosquito Born Diseases
2.1.6 Mosquito Control Methods
2.1.7 Active Ingredients in Plants Responsible for Larval Toxicity
2.1.8 Mechanism and mode of action of insecticide/larvicide
2.1.9 Toxicity Response Determinant and Variation of plant derived larvicides
2.1.10 Scope for isolation of toxic larvicidal active ingredients from plants
2.2 Chromolaena odorata
2.2.1 Classification of C. odorata
2.2.2 Origin and Distribution
2.2.3 Traditional Uses of C. odorata
2.2.4 Phytochemical Composition of C. odorata
2.2.5 Medicinal Values of C. odorata
2.2.6 Antibacterial effect of C. odorata
2.2.7 Toxicity of C. odorata
2.3 Persea americana
2.3.1 Classification of Persea americana
2.3.2 Biological activities of Persea americana constituents
2.3.3 Phytochemical composition of avocado seed
2.3.4 Tradomedicinal Uses of Avocado Seed
2.3.5 Larvicidal and antimicrobial activities
2.3.6 Toxicity of avocado seed
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 MATERIALS AND METHODS
3.1 Materials
3.1.1 Chemicals
3.1.2 Plants Collection and identification
3.2 Methods
3.2.1 Preparation of extracts
3.2.2 Mosquito Larvae culture
3.3 Phytochemical Analysis
3.3.1 Test for Saponins
3.3.2 Test for tannins
3.3.3 Test for flavonoids
3.4.4 Test for sterols
3.4.5 Test for Terpenoids
3.4.6 Test for Anthracenes
3.4.7 Test for cardiac glycosides
3.4.8 Test for alkaloids
3.4 Preparation of Stock Solutions
3.4.1 Preparation of Test Concentrations For Bioassay
3.5 Larvicidal Bioassay
3.5.1 Determination of Lethal Concentrations
3.6 Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC)
3.6.1 Column Chromatography
3.7 Characterization of Larvicidal Compounds In The Bioactive Fraction
3.7.1 Fourier Transform Infra-Red Spectroscopy(FTIR)
3.7.2 Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectroscopy (GC/MS)
3.8 Statistical Analysis
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 RESULTS
4.1 Phytochemical Constituents of Extracts of Persea americana Seed and Chromolaena odorata Leaf
4.2 Larvicidal activity of different solvent extracts of Persea americana seed against Aaedes vittatus mosquito
4.3 Larvicidal Activity of Different Solvents Extract of Chromolaena odorata Leaf Against Aedes vittatus Mosquito
4.4 Larvicidal activity of chromatographic fractions of n-hexane extracts of Persea americana seed against Aedes vittatus
4.5 Larvicidal activity of chromatographic fractions of n-hexane extracts of Chromolaena odorata leaf against Aedes vittatus mosquito
4.6 GC/MS Characterisation of Most Potent Chromatographic Fraction (nHPa6) of P. americana
4.7 GC/MS characterisation of Most Potent Chromatographic Fraction (nHCo6) of C. odorata
4.8 Functional group Identification of nHPa6
4.9 Functional groups Identification of nHCo6 fraction
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 DISCUSSION
CHAPTER SIX
6.0 SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
6.1 Summary
6.2 Conclusions
6.3 Recommendations
REFERENCES
APPENDICES
ABSTRACT
The larvicidal activity of various solvent (ethanol, ethyl acetate and n-hexane) extracts of
Persea americana seed and Chromolaena odorata leaves against Aedes vittatus mosquito was analysed. The most potent solvent (n-hexane) extracts of both plants were fractionated using column chromatography and most effective fractions isolated and identified using Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry and Fourier Transform Infrared techniques. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of steroids, cardiac glycosides and terpenoids in all the extracts. The larvicidal bioassay of Persea americana seed gave LC50 values of 0.827ppm, 1.799ppm and 2.732ppm for n-hexane, ethanol and ethyl acetate extracts respectively, while, Chromolaena odorata leaf extract had LC50 values of 1.835ppm, 3.314ppm, and 5.163ppm for n-hexane, ethanol and ethyl acetate respectively. Column chromatographic fractionation of most potent n-hexane (crude) extracts of both plants, showed increased activity in some of the fractions of Persea americana (nHPa6) and Chromolaena odorata (nHCo6) which showed higher mortality, with LC50 values of 0.486ppm and 1.308ppm respectively. GC/MS analysis of components in nHPa6 and nHCo6 showed oleic acid as the most abundant, in fractions of both plants. The FTIR analyses of nHPa6 and nHCo6 showed absorption bands of the functional groups present, which included; alcohol, alkane, alkene, alkyl halide, aldehyde, carboxylic acid and carbonyl ester, thus, supporting the GCMS result. The n-hexane, ethanol and ethyl acetate extracts of P. americana seed and C. odorata leaves have shown good larvicidal activity and should therefore be further exploited for the control of mosquito larvae.
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Insect-transmitted diseases remain a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Mosquito species belonging to genera; Anopheles, Aedes and Culex, are vectors (Redwane et al., 2002) for the transmission of malaria, dengue fever, yellow fever, filariasis, schistosomiasis and Japanese encephalitis (JE), transmitting diseases to more than 700 million people annually (Oyewole et al., 2010; Govindarajan, 2009). Mosquitoes also cause allergic responses in humans which include local skin irritation and systemic reactions such as angioedema. Aedes spp are generally regarded as a vector responsible for transmission of yellow fever and dengue fever, which is endemic to Southeast Asia, the Pacific island area, Africa, Central and South America.
The World Health Organization (W.H.O. 2012) has recommended vector control as an important component of the global strategy for preventing insect-transmitted diseases. The most commonly employed method for the control of mosquito-borne diseases involve the use of chemical-based insecticide, though it is not without numerous challenges, such as human and environmental toxicity, resistance, affordability and availability (Ghosh et al., 2012).
Extracts from plants has been good sources of phytochemicals as mosquito egg and larval control agents, since they constitute an abundant source of bioactive compounds that are easily biodegradable into non-toxic products. In fact, many researchers have reported on the effectiveness of plant extracts or essential oils against mosquito larvae. They act as larvicides, insect growth regulators, repellents, and oviposition attractants (Pushpanathan, 2008; Samidurai et al., 2009; Mathivanant et al., 2010).
Persea Americana is an ever green tree belonging to Lauraceae family and its fruits are commonly known as avocado pear or alligator pear. The plant originates from Central America but it has shown easy adaptation to other tropical regions, thus widely cultivated in tropical and subtropical regions. The various parts (leaves, fruits and seed) of this plant have numerous uses from edible pulp as source of nutrients to the seed preparation as remedy (Arukwe et al., 2012).
The seed extracts of Persea americana has many vital application in traditional medicine, for the treatment of diarrhoea, dysentery, tooth ache, intestinal parasites, skin infection (mycoses) and management of hypertension and the leaves have been reported to have anti......
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