TABLE OF CONTENT
TITLE PAGE
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 JUSTIFICATION
1.2 HYPOTHESES
1.3 OBJECTIVES
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 HISTORICAL ORIGIN OF THE INDIGENOUS CHICKENS
2.2 GROWTH PERFORMANCE OF THE INDIGENOUS CHICKENS
2.1 Body Weight and Body Linear Measurements
2.3 THE TESTIS
2.3.1 The Male Anatomy
2.3.2 Spermatogenesis
2.3.3 Production of Semen in Cocks
2.3.4 Semen Composition
2.4 SEMEN QUALITY CHARACTERISTICS
2.4.1 Semen Volume and Concentration
2.4.2 Semen Motility, pH and Colour
2.4.3 Semen Quantity and Testis Size
2.5 MORPHOLOGICAL DEFECTS ASSOCIATED WITH SEMEN QUALITY
2.6 CORRELATION OF BIOCHEMICAL AND HAEMATOLOGICAL WITH SEMEN CHARACTERISTICS IN THE NIGERIAN INDIGENOUS COCKERELS
2.7 PHENOTYPIC CORRELATION AMONG BODY WEIGHT, BODY LINEAR MEASUREMENTS AND SEMEN CHARACTERISTICS
2.8 SELECTION FOR SEMEN QUALITY
2.9 SEMEN QUALITY
2.10 FACTORS AFFECTING SEMEN QUALITY
2.10.1 Age and Strain
2.10.2 Feed Nutrition
2.10.3 Ambient Temperature
2.10.4 Photoperiod
2.10.5 Semen pH
2.11 BLOOD CHEMISTRY
2.12 HAEMATOLOGICAL PARAMETERS
2.12.1 Packed Cell Volume (PCV)
2.12.2 Haemoglobin (Hb)
2.12.3 Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV), Mean Corpuscular Haemoglobin (MCH) and Mean Corpuscular Haemoglobin Concentration (MCHC)
2.13 BIOCHEMICAL PARAMETERS
2.14 INSULIN GROWTH FACTOR
2.14.1 The IGF ligands
2.14.2 Insulin Growth-like Factor-1 (IGF-1)
2.14.3 Allele Frequency and Genotypic Frequency in Different Chicken Populations
2.14.4 Associations of IGF-1 Genes in Chicken with Growth Traits and Reproduction
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 MATERIALS AND METHODS
3.1 LOCATION OF THE STUDY AREA
3.2 EXPERIMENTAL BIRDS
3.2.1 Base Population (Foundation Stock)
3.2.2 Housing and Management
3.2.3 Vaccination and de-worming
3.2.4 Mating and Egg Collection
3.2.5 Incubation Process
3.2.6 Brooding and Rearing of the Progeny
3.2.7 Management of F1Generation
3.3 BODY WEIGHT AND LINEAR BODY MEASUREMENTS
3.4 SEMEN COLLECTION AND EVALUATION
3.4.1 Ejaculate Volume
3.4.2 Ejaculate Colour and Consistency
3.4.3 Sperm Motility
3.4.4 Sperm Concentration
3.4.5 Semen pH
3.4.6 Live and Dead Ratio
3.4.7 Sperm Morphological Defects
3.5 BLOOD COLLECTION AND EVALUATION
3.5.1 Evaluation of Haematological Parameter
3.5.2 Evaluation of Biochemical Parameter
3.5.3 Insulin-like Growth Factor-1 (IGF-1) DNA Isolation
3.6 Statistical Analysis
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 RESULTS
4.1 GROWTH PERFORMANCE AND SEMEN QUALITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE THREE GENOTYPES
4.1.1 Body Weight and Growth Traits
4.1.2 Semen Characteristics of the Three Genotypes
4.1.3 Morphological Defects
4.1.4 Interaction between Age and Genotype on the Semen Quality Characteristics
4.2 LEAST SQUARE MEANS (±SE) FOR BIOCHEMICAL AND HAEMATOLOGICAL PARAMETERS OF THE COCKERELS
4.3 CORRELATION BETWEEN BIOCHEMICAL, HAEMATOLOGICAL PARAMETERS AND SEMEN QUALITY OF THE NIGERIAN INDIGENOUS COCKERELS
4.4 PHENOTYPIC CORRELATION BETWEEN GROWTH TRAITS AND SEMEN QUALITY IN THE NIGERIAN INDIGENOUS COCKERELS AT 24, 28 AND WEEKS OF AGE
4.5 INSULIN GROWTH FACTOR-1 (IGF-1) POLYMORPHISM AND ASSOCIATION WITH BODY WEIGHT AND SEMEN QUALITY
4.5.1 Insulin-like Growth Factor-1 (IGF-1) Polymorphic Forms
4.5.2 Association of the different Alleles on IGF-1 Gene, Body Weight and Semen Characteristics of the Indigenous Cockerels
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 DISCUSSION
5.1 MEAN PERFORMANCE
5.1.1 Body weight and growth traits
5.1.2 Semen characteristics of the three genotypes
5.1.3 Morphological defects related to cockerels spermatozoa
5.1.4 Interaction between age and genotypes of the Nigerian indigenous cockerels
5.2 BIOCHEMICAL PARAMETERS OF THE THREE GENOTYPES
5.3 HAEMATOLOGICAL PARAMETERS OF THE COCKERELS
5.4 CORRELATION BETWEEN BIOCHEMICAL, HEAMATOLOGICAL PARAMETERS WITH SEMEN CHARACTERISTICS OF THE NIGERIAN INDIGENOUS COCKERELS
5.5 PHENOTYPIC CORRELATION BETWEEN BODY WEIGHT, LINEAR BODY TRAITS AND SEMEN QUALITY OF THE NIGERIAN INDIGENOUS COCKRELS AT VARIOUS AGES
5.6 INSULIN-LIKE GROWTH FACTOR 1 (IGF-1) POLYMORPHISM
5.7 VARIATION IN BODY WEIGHT AND SEMEN QUALITY WITH IGF-1 POLYMORPHIC FORMS AT DIFFERENT AGES
CHAPTER SIX
6.0 SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
6.1 SUMMARY
6.2 CONCLUSIONS
6.3 RECOMMENDATIONS
REFERENCES
ABSTRACT
A study was conducted using 231 chicks (101 Normal feather, 56 frizzle and 74 Naked neck) to evaluate growth traits and semen quality characteristics using biochemical and IGF-1 as molecular marker on three genotypes (normal, frizzle and naked neck) of Nigeria indigenous chickens. Each of the genotypes comprised of twenty five hens and five roosters mated in the ratio of 1 rooster: 5 hens (1:5). Body weight (BW) and measurements of breast girth (BG), shank length (SL), body length (BL), wattle length (WL), wattle width (WW), comb length (CL), comb height (CH), wing span (WS) and shank diameter (SD) were taken at an interval of 4 weeks starting from 8 weeks of age. Semen quality characteristics (volume, colour, pH, concentration and live and dead ratio) and morphological defects (acrosoma swelling, detached head, mid piece drop, bent tail, curled tail and full tail) were evaluated thrice at 24, 28 and 32 weeks of age, respectively. Blood samples for the haematological, biochemical and molecular studies (IGF-1) were collected at 20 weeks of age. The data collected were subjected to General Linear Model procedure of SAS. The result showed that mean BW between 8 and 20 weeks ranged from 310.46g to 1117.80g and between 1096.80g and 1285.80g from 24 to 32 weeks with significant (P<0 .05="" 20="" 32="" age.="" ages="" all="" and="" apart="" at="" between="" birds="" bl="" body="" bw="" differences="" feathered="" from="" having="" however="" linear="" measurements="" normal="" not="" of="" other="" significant="" significantly="" superior="" the="" to="" weeks="" were="" which="" with="">0.05) different at all the ages (8 to 32 weeks). The semen quality characteristics for the parameters were significantly (P<0 .05="" and="" colour="" different="" except="" for="" not="" ph="" semen="" significant="" were="" which="">0.05) affected by the age of the birds. The morphological defects showed that most of them were significantly (P<0 .05="" all="" but="" different="" for="" genotypes="" mid="" not="" piece="" significantly="" the="" was="">0.05) different at 32 weeks. The results of the haematological and biochemical profile show that only Chloride in the biochemical parameter was significantly (P<0 .05="" between="" but="" coefficients="" correlation="" different.="" had="" not="" phenotypic="" positive="" show="" significant="" some="" statistically="" that="" the="" traits="">0.05) while others traits showed between moderate and high correlations amongst themselves. Two alleles; A and B and three genotypes: AA, AB and BB were observed with the A allele (0.72) being predominant and conforms to Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. The relationship among IGF-1 marker, BW and semen quality was significant (P<0 .05="" 28="" 32="" a="" aa="" ab="" age="" and="" as="" at="" bb="" better="" body="" bw="" characteristics="" chickens.="" concluded="" did="" feather="" for="" gene="" genetic="" genotype="" genotypes="" good="" growth="" had="" igf-1="" improved="" in="" increased="" indigenous="" is="" it="" linear="" making="" marker="" measurements="" nigerian="" normal="" of="" over="" positive="" quality="" relationship="" revealed="" selection="" semen="" span="" superior="" terms="" that="" the="" therefore="" to="" traits="" up="" was="" weeks.="" weeks="" weight="" while="" with="">
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
The poultry industry is a versatile business in Nigeria but the development has been to the detriment of the indigenous birds which have been neglected and not properly managed (Adebambo et al., 1999). The indigenous chickens (Gallus domesticus) have been kept in Africa for many generations in subsistence systems.
The Nigerian indigenous chicken constitutes between 80 and 90 percent of the local population of chickens in Nigeria. Three other major genes have been identified in these local chickens apart from the normal feathered type. These are: Frizzle, naked neck and sex-linked dwarfism. Each of these genes plays a significant role in the productive adaptability of the Nigerian local chicken (Ozoje and Ikeobi, 1995). Despite being in Nigeria for long, the indigenous chickens consist of various unimproved sub-populations of heterogeneous characteristics, not yet classified into breeds and varieties since they do not breed true to type and have no clear plumage colours (Obioha, 1992; Ibe, 2001).
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