TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABSTRACT
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study
1.2 Statement of the Problem
1.3 Justification of the Study
1.4 Aim and Objectives
1.4.1 Aims
1.4.2 Objectives
1.5 Research Hypotheses
1.6 Scope and Limitation
1.6.1 Limitation of the Study
1.7 Basic Assumptions
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Construction Industry in Nigeria
2.2 Selected Standards Used in Nigerian Construction Industry
2.3 Development of Labour Productivity Standard
2.4 Finishing Construction
2.4.1 Floor Finishing
2.4.2 Plastering
2.4.3 Wall Tile
2.5 Overview of Surface Finishes Measurement as Relate to Besmm3
2.6 Productivity and Construction Estimating
2.7 Factors Affecting Construction Labour Productivity
2.8 Factors Affecting Labour Productivity
2.9 Previously Related Works on Labour Outputs Determination
2.9.1 Work Study
2.9.2 Definition of Work Study
2.9.3 Objectives of Work Study
2.9.4 Benefits of Work Study
2.9.5 Work Study Techniques
2.9.6 Method Study
2.9.7 Work Measurement
2.9.8 Procedure of Work Measurement
2.9.9 Work Measurement Techniques
2.9.10 Time Study
2.9.11 Relaxation allowance
2.9.12 Contingency Allowance
2.9.13 Time Study Equipment
2.9.14 Selection of Operator to be studied
2.9.15 Activity Sampling
CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Research Design
3.3 Study Population
3.4 Research Sample and Sampling Techniques
3.5 Validation and Reliability of the Instrument
3.6 Pilot Survey
3.7 Procedure for Data Collection
3.7.1 Literature review
3.7.2 Field Survey
3.8 Instrument for Data Collection
3.9 Research Procedures
3.10 Instrument for Data Analysis:
3.10.1 Descriptive Statistics
3.10.2 Inferential analysis
CHAPTER FOUR
4 DATA PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION OF RESULTS
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Data Presentation
4.3 Discussion
4.4 Data Analysis
4.5 Effect of Productivity Factors on Labour Outputs
4.6 Determination of Floor Screed and Tile Layers Outputs
CHAPTER FIVE
5 SUMMARY CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 Summary of Major Findings
5.2 Conclusion
5.3 Recommendations
REFERENCES
APPENDICES
ABSTRACT
There is dearth of information on output level of building operatives in Nigeria, consequently, the output constants currently used for preparation of construction estimates are remnants of British colonial heritage or derived from untested experiences. Therefore this study aims at empirically determining output constants for floor finishes (screeds and tiles) for building project in Abuja. The objectives are to identify the productivity factors related to Building Engineering Standard Method of Measurement 3 (BESMM3) and evaluation of their impact on the outputs of five work items of floor finishes. The procedure adopted field survey involving work measurement to observe and measure operatives output. Data was collected from 80 on-going construction sites with an average of 50 gangs of workers for each work item to establish the following average outputs per day; 25mm thick cement and sand screed (23.70), 44mm thick cement and sand screed (19.31), 400 X 400mm ceramic floor tile (27.38), 300 X 600mm ceramic floor tile (30.18) and 300 X 300mm ceramic floor tile (23.61). The study also revealed a significant difference on mode of employment and period of observation on the outputs of the workers. The results suggest that experience and negotiation as mode of employment affect output of workers to varying degrees based on the thickness of floor screed and unit area of floor tile. The study has recommended that the established output should serve as an effective baseline for efficient estimating process and be in compliance with the BESMM requirements.
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study
The source of labour output used for estimation of construction cost has been a point of discourse and contention. This is because this involves the quantitative estimation of the labour rates while market survey research for materials prices are the basis for the material cost estimation (Ashworth, 2002). The high degree of inaccuracy found in BOQ estimates is mostly attributed to the uncertainty of the accuracy of the labour constants used in pricing labour costs. Ajia (2002) concluded that while most of the outputs used by estimators are the British originated constants, some contractors adopt outputs gotten from their experience and hence non-uniform outputs are widely in use.
The common method of generating cost estimates for construction projects involves the multiplication of unit rate by the measured quantities in the bill of quantities (Ashworth, 2002). The unit rate is a component of labour rate (obtain from the multiplication of labour constant by all-in rate) plus cost of material and percentage allowance for profit and overhead, while the measured quantities are obtained from drawings and specifications for the works rules specified by Building and Engineering Standard Methods of Measurement (BESMM). The inconsistency in application of a defined output constant for construction estimates has posed a serious challenge to the accuracy of estimates computed by quantity surveyors.
Labour being one of the important components of the construction industry productivity represents a considerable proportion of the final cost usually accounting for between 40 to 60% of building cost (Abdullahi et al., 2010 and Butchan et al., 1993). The assessment of......
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