TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title page
Abstract
Table of Contents
List of Abbreviations
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 Introduction
1.1 Statement of Research Problem
1.2 Justification of Study
1.3 General Aim of the Study
1.3.1 Specific Objectives of the Study
1.4 Research Hypothesis
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 Literature Review
2.1 Oxidative Stress and the Nervous System
2.2 Vitamin C in the Nervous System
2.3 Vitamin E and Memory
2.4 Sex hormones and Memory
2.4.1 Neurobiology of Oestrogen
2.4.2 Oestrogen and Cognition
2.4.3 Oestrogen and Learning and Memory
2.4.4 Testosterone and Cognition
2.4.5 Gonadal Hormones and the Cholinergic system
2.5 Cognition
2.6 Memory
2.6.1 Classification of Memory
2.7 Learning
2.8 Sex Differences in Cognitive functions
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 Materials and Methods
3.1 Site of experiment
3.2.1 Experimental Animals
3.2.2 Housing and grouping
3.3 Drugs and soya oil preparation
3.3.1 Drugs and preparation
3.4 Neurobehavioural Assessments
3.4.1 Elevated Plus Maze for Memory
3.4.2 Object Recognition Test
3.4.3 Object Location Test
3.5 Biochemical Tests
3.5.1 Effect of Drugs on Brain Lipid Peroxidation
3.5.2 Evaluation of Brain Catalase Activity
3.5.3 Evaluation of Brain Glutathione Peroxidase Activity
3.5.4 Evaluation of Brain Superoxide Dismutase Activity
3.6 Determination of Gonadal Hormone Levels
3.6.1 Determination of testosterone
3.6.2 Determination of Estrogen level
3.7 Statistical Analysis
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 RESULTS
4.1 Neurobehavioural Assessments
4.2 Elevated Plus Maze for Memory
4.3 Object Recognition Test
4.4 Object Location Test
4.5 Lipid Peroxidation Assessment
4.6 Gonadal Hormone Assay
4.7 Relationship between Serum Gonadal Hormones and Memory indices in mice
CHAPTER FIVE
5.1 Discussion
CHAPTER SIX
6.1 Summary
6.2 Conclusion
6.3 Recommendations
References
ABSTRACT
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Vitamin C, also known as L-ascorbic acid, is a water-soluble vitamin that is naturally present in some foods, added to others, and available as a dietary supplement and is destroyed by heat or reduced by prolonged storage (Weinstein et al., 2001). Humans, unlike most animals, are unable to synthesize vitamin C endogenously, so it is an essential dietary component (Naidu, 2003; Li, 2007). Sex steroids are hormones produced mainly by the reproductive glands, either the ovaries or testes, which share a similar basic structure of three hexane rings and a pentane ring (Gasbarri, 2010). The primary role of the gonadal steroid hormones in mammals is to regulate reproduction and related behaviours; however, both androgens and estrogens are also integrally involved in mediating higher brain function and processes, including cognition, neural development and neural plasticity (Dohanich, 2002). The hippocampal system plays an important role in memory function. Neurohormones like androgens and oestrogens are present in the hippocampus and have important roles in learning and memory (Talebi et al., 2010).
Oestrogens act on the central nervous system (CNS) both through genomic mechanisms, modulating synthesis, release and metabolism of neurotransmitters, neuropeptides and neurosteroids, and through non-genomic mechanisms, influencing electrical excitability, synaptic function and morphological features. Therefore, oestrogen’s neuroactive effects are multifaceted and encompass a system that ranges from the chemical to the biochemical to the genomic mechanisms, protecting against a wide range of neurotoxic insults (Genazzani et al., 2007).....
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