TABLE OF CONTENT
TITLE PAGE
ABSTRACT
SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS
TABLE OF CONTENT
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
1.1 General background
1.2 Statement of the problem
1.3 Justification of the tudy
1.4 Aim and objectives of the study
1.5 Scope of the project
1.6 Description of research area
CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Water supply and human health
2.2 Water quality parameters
2.2.1 Physical water-quality parameters
2.2.2 Chemical water-quality parameters
2.2.3 Bacteriological water-quality parameters
2.4 Water storage vessels
2.4.1 Clay pot
2.4.2 Galvanized steel water tank
2.4.3 Plastic water tank
2.5 Changes in quality of stored water
2.6 Nigerian standard for drinking water quality
2.7 Spectrophotometry of sun light
CHAPTER THREE: MATERIALS AND METHODS
3.1 Materials
3.1.1 Apparatuses and Reagent Used
3.2 Methods
3.2.1 Sampling and sampling frequency
3.2.2 Test Procedures
3.2.2.1 Temperature
3.2.2.2Turbidity
3.2.2.3 Odour
3.2.2.4 Taste
3.2.2.5 Colour
3.2.2.6 Total solids
3.2.2.7Electrical conductivity
3.2.2.8pH
3.2.2.9 Dissolved oxygen
3.2.2.10Total hardness
3.2.2.11 Calcium hardness
3.2.2.12 Chloride
3.2.2.13Alkalinity
3.2.2.14Residual chlorine
3.2.2.15Nitrate
3.2.2.16Iron
3.2.2.17 Manganese
3.2.2.18 Total heterotrophic bacteria
3.2.2.19 Chlorophyll-A test
CHAPTER FOUR: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Temperature
4.3 Turbidity
4.4 Odour
4.5 Taste
4.6 Colour
4.7 Total solids
4.8 Electrical conductivity
4.9 pH
4.10 Dissolved oxygen
4.11 Total hardness
4.12 Calcium hardness
4.13 Chloride
4.14 Alkalinity
4.15 Chlorine residual
4.16 Nitrate
4.17 Iron
4.18 Manganese
4.19 Total heterotrophic bacteria
4.20 Chlorophyll–A
4.21 Determination of best storage container materialin terms of water Quality preservation
4.22 Determination of maximum retention period for Storing water in each of the storage vessels
4.23 Modeling of water quality results
4.23.1 Flowchart for the models
4.23.2 Computer program for the models
CHAPTER FIVE: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 Conclusion
5.2 Recommendation
REFERENCES
ABSTRACT
Water tanks are liquid storage containers that store water for human consumption. They are usually made of polyethylene (plastic), steel, clay, ceramics and fiber glass. The need to investigate thechanges in water quality during storage in different types of water storage tanks or vessels is very crucial in establishing which tank contributes to deterioration or improvement of stored water during storage. Two sources of potable water (tap water and borehole water) were stored in twelve water storage reservoirs (six for each water source) for a period of six weeks. The tanks include black plastic tank, blue plastic tank, green plastic tank, coated steel metal tank, uncoated steel metal tank and clay pot. The water quality parameters examined were Temperature, Taste, Odour, Colour, Turbidity, Total solids, Conductivity, pH, Nitrate, Dissolved oxygen, Alkalinity, Total hardness, Calcium hardness, Chloride, Chlorine residual, Manganese, Iron, Total Heterotrophic Bacteria (THB) and Chlorophyll-A.However, all parameters listed above were analyzed at a sampling frequency of seven days interval.The results showedthat among the different container materials/colours used, black plastic tank was the best in terms ofpreserving water quality.The range in the following examined toxic parameters (i.e Nitrate, Manganese, Total heterotrophic bacteria and Chlorophyll-A) in tap water stored in black plastic tank were 8.0mg/L – 13.8mg/L, 0.099mg/L – 0.201mg/L, 2×102CFU/100mL – 116×102CFU/100mL and 0.000µg/L – 0.959µg/L respectively.On the other hand, the range for the said parameters for borehole water stored in black plastic tank are respectively 8.9mg/L – 13.6mg/L, 0.127mg/L – 0.226mg/L, 6×102CFU/100mL - 112×102CFU/100mL and 0.000µg/L –0.954µg/L. Also,findings from the study recommends that,the maximum retention period for storing tap water or borehole water in plastic tanks as well as coated steel metal tanks to be at most 3weeks while storage in clay pots should not to exceed 6days. On the other hand, uncoated steel metal tank wassuggested not to be used as storage vessel for potable/drinking water regardless of the retention time. The research also modeled the water quality results and identified that Electrical Conductivity (EC)is strongly influenced by Alkalinity, Calcium hardness and Chloride ions with R2values of 0.9926, 0.9958 and 0.9995 respectively. From this work, it was established that,black plastic materials should be considered first when selecting a container material for storing water in large capacity.
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 GENERAL BACKGROUND
Water, air, food and shelter are the essential items for any living being. It is possible to survive without food and shelter for some days, but without water, it is not possible to survive much of the time. Without air, one cannot live for a few minutes. Next to air is water which is of paramount importance to all organisms (Booker, 2000).
Water is a chemical substance that is composed of two atoms of hydrogen and an atom of oxygen (Hayward, 2004). In typical usage, water refers to only its liquid form or state, but the substance also has a solid state known as ice, and a gaseous state called steam or water vapor. According to Parsons and Jefferson (2006), water to be consumed by man/animals should fall within the range of certain limits set by World Health Organization (W.H.O.) often known as drinking water standards. Such water that is fit for human consumption is called potable water.
================================================================
Item Type: Project Material | Size: 119 pages | Chapters: 1-5
Format: MS Word | Delivery: Within 30Mins.
================================================================
