TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title page
Abstract
Table of content - List of Tables - List of Figures
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study
1.1.1 Toxicity history
1.1.2 Heavy metal toxicity
1.2 Statement of the Problem
1.3 Aim and Objectives
1.4 Justification of Research
1.5 Scope and Limitation of Study
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Irish Potatoes, History and Benefits
2.3 Review of Previous Work
2.4 X-Ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy
2.5 Types of XRF Spectrometer
2.6 Basic Principles of XRF
2.6.1 Operational principle of x-rays tubes
2.7 Physics of X-Ray Emission Spectra
2.8 X-Ray Excitation Sources
2.9 Interaction of X-Rays with Matter
2.9.1 Photoelectric effect
2.9.2 Compton effect
2.9.3 Pair production
2.10 Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS)
2.10.1Basic principles of atomic absorption
2.10.2Operational principle of atomic absorption spectrometer
2.11 Accumulation in Soils
2.12 Trace Metal Concentrations in Agricultural Soils
2.13 Essential and Non-essential Heavy Metals in Plants
2.14 Toxicity to Human Beings
2.15 Effect of Heavy Metals on Plants
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 MATERIALS AND METHODS
3.1 Materials
3.1.1 Some needed materials for AAS analysis
3.2 Sample Collection
3.2.1 Sample collection at control area
3.3 Samples Preparation for XRF
3.4 Procedure for XRF Analysis of Samples
3.4.1 Energy Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence (EDXRF) of environmental samples with isotopic source
3.4.2Spectrum acquisition using standard XRF
3.4.3Quantitative analysis using standard XRF
3.5 Digestion of Samples (both Irish Potatoes and Soil) for AAS Analysis
3.5.1 Preparation of wet digestion acid
3.5.2 Procedure for digestion
3.6 AAS Measurements
3.6.1. Sequential extraction
3.7 Data Analysis
3.8 Metal Enrichment
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 RESULTS
4.1 Introduction
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 DISCUSSION
5.1 Total Metal Content
5.2 Fractionation of Pb, Cd, and Zn
5.2.1 Lead fractions
5.2.2 Cadmium fractions
5.2.3 Zinc fractions
5.3 Correlation between Zinc Concentration for Soil and Irish Potato Samples Using XRF and AAS-63
5.4 Extractable Concentration of Pb, Cd, and Zn
5.5 Enrichment and Accumulation of Pb, Cd and Zn
CHAPTER SIX
6.0 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
6.1 Conclusion
6.2 Recommendations
REFERENCES
ABSTRACT
This study was undertaken to assay the elemental concentration in some Irish potatoes and soils from farmlands in an ex-mining area at Dahwol-vwana village, Jos-south L.G.A, Plateau state, Nigeria. The total heavy metal concentrations (for Irish potato and soil samples) were obtained using Atomic Absorption Spectrometer. It was observed from the soil sample concentration values gotten at the end of the AAS analysis (Pb, ranges from 0.0445-3.9343ppm; Cd, from 0.0086-0.1200ppm and Zn, from 0.0751-39.0302ppm) are higher than the concentration values obtained from control area (Pb- 0.0088ppm, Cd-0.0029ppm and Zn-0.0101ppm), but lesser than the international threshold values (EU:- Pb-300ppm, Cd-3.0ppm and Zn-300ppm. USA: - Pb-300ppm, Cd-3.0ppm and Zn-250ppm. UK:- Pb-70ppm, Cd-1.4ppm and Zn-200ppm). While that of Irish potatoes: - Pb, ranges from 0.0741-1.5042ppm; Cd, from 0.0081-0.0931ppm and Zn, from 0.1038-88.0503ppm). A modified sequential extraction procedure of Tessier et. al., (1979) was used in separating the total metal concentrations into four operationally defined fractions (exchangeable and carbonate, Fe and Mn oxides, organic matter, and residual fractions). Where it was discovered that the bulk of metals were partitioned to the residual fraction (Zn- 138.85ppm, Pb-55.59ppm and Cd-2.5ppm) which implies that the soils of the farmland are not polluted by any of the metals studied. Pollution indices also as compared with Banat et. al., (2005) standards, indicated minimal contamination of the soils matrix with Cd, which had enrichment factor value of 15.4 and I-geo factor of 4. The bulk partitioning of the metals onto the residual fraction indicates a lithogenic origin of the heavy metals, i.e. the heavy metals were directly inherited from the parent material, and also a low risk of contaminant transfer under normal cultural practices. However, heavy perturbation of the soil, such as mining, would lead to significant pollution of soil, and water bodies as well enhanced Irish potatoes and other plants uptake of the metals, thereby resulting in a threat of biomagnifications.
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Tin mining industry which is also the largest producer of columbite in Jos plateau state started in 1902 (Adegboye, 2012). The mining of tin has been largely responsible for profound changes in the landscape and in the social economic structure of study area (Adegboye, 2012). Limited arable land is experienced in Jos plateau area, according to (Patterson, 1986) this is due to the high rate of surface mining. (Scholar, 1979) revealed that mined soils are poorer in agricultural value compared to adjoining natural land. Crops grown on such mined land are of low agricultural value, quick maturing and low-nutrient demanding, such as acha, dauro, maize, millet and Irish potato. (Calvert, 1990) revealed that the indiscriminate mining on the Jos plateau, led to many parts of the area being exposed to erosion and reduces the available arable land for crop production. The volume of mineral tripped off during mining reduces the nutrient present in the soil (Adegboye, 2012). Jos South local government area is an extensively mined area, which was dominated by use of heavy earth – moving equipment and draglines. As a result, the zone is characterized by deep excavations and dumping of high over burden, mine ponds, mine tailings and slurry wash deposits (Olaniyan, 1998; Musa et. al., 2011). According to (Gyang et. al., 2010), the major problem of the area still remains the devastated and de-vegetated land and mine spoils; depriving the inhabitants of fertile farmland. The deep mining which is an excavation of underlying sand has created mining pits, man-made lakes, pools and ponds which have great effect on both the people and agricultural practices. Mining ponds have always been death traps for people and animals (Davis, 2001).
The ponds are always sources of erosion especially in rainy season when most of the ponds over flow their banks as was the case of a paddock behind the Amalgamated Tin Mines of Nigeria LTD (ATMN) stadium Bukuru. Fully mechanized mining activities as well as formal mining are still in....
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