CHAPTER
ONE
1.1 INTRODUCTION
A Geographical Information
System (GIS) is a system of hardware, software and procedures to facilitate the
management, manipulation, analysis, modeling, representation and display of geo‐referenced
data to solve complex problems regarding planning and management of resources.
Functions of GIS include data entry, data display, data management, information
retrieval and analysis. The applications of GIS include mapping locations,
quantities and densities, finding distances and mapping and monitoring change.
There are mainly three categories of geographic positioning systems to
determine or track a user’s location, which have been designed and proposed
over the years. These systems are mainly three categories:
Global Positioning System, Wide-area Location
System and Indoor Positioning System. Global Positioning System (GPS) receives
signals from multiple satellites to determine the physical location of a user.
The limitation for this system is that it is inefficient for
indoor use; alongside in urban areas it often possesses difficulties in
receiving signals where high buildings shield the satellite signals.
Wide-area location systems are
mainly based on cellular networks that involve measuring the signal strength,
the angle of signal arrival and/or the time difference of signal arrival. The
positioning information in wide-area location systems is highly limited by the
cell size or cell coverage.
Several approaches have been
proposed for indoor location sensing or indoor positioning system such as
infrared sensing, radio frequency, ultrasonic and scene capture analysis. There
are also a few technologies to use within indoor areas, such as GPS psudo lite,
ultrasonic and cellular-based systems, which need considerable supporting
devices and facilities. Each of these methods has their own advantages and
disadvantages. Some are expensive to implement, while others are not very
accurate. The Active Badge is the first location system. Radar, well-known
approach, is an RF (Radio Frequency) system for locating and tracking users
within large structures. The approach is an empirical method and a signal
propagation model. This procedure determines user location by combining signal
strength measurements with signal propagation models. RF signal strength within
building is affected by multipath propagation effects and absorption, resulting
in non-linear behavior. The results show that the empirical method is superior
in terms of accuracy with median resolution in the range of about 3m and the
signal propagation model has 4.3m accuracy (median), but it makes deployment
easier. The applications of indoor positioning are many, for instance,
location-finding, indoor robots, inventory tracking, security, etc.
Geographic Information (GI) represents information that can
be associated to a location on Earth, information about nature phenomena,
natural, cultural and human resources in general. A GIS (Geographic Information
System) represents an ensemble of hardware-software for capturing stocking,
validating, managing, analyzing and visualizing data that have a geographic
reference.
Application of
Remote Sensing and GIS
Function of an Information
system is to improve one’s ability to make decisions. An Information system is
a chain of operations starting from planning the observation and collection of
data, to store and analysis of the data, to the use of the derived information
in some decision making process. A GIS is an information system that is
designed to work with data referenced to spatial or geographic coordinates. GIS
is both a database system with specific capabilities for spatially referenced
data, as well as a set of operation for working with data. There are three
basic types of GIS applications which might also represent stages of
development of a single GIS application.
Inventory Application
Many times the first step in
developing a GIS application is making an inventory of the features for a given
geographic area. These features are represented in GIS as layers or themes of
data. The emphasis at this stage of application development consists of
updating and simple data retrieval.
Analysis Application
Upon completion of the
inventory stage, complex queries on multiple layers can be performed using
spatial and spatial analysis techniques.
Management Application
More advanced spatial and
modeling techniques are required to support the decisions of managers and
policy makers. This involves shifting of emphasis from basic geographic data
handling to manipulation, analysis and modeling in order to solve real world
problems.
Uses of Coastal GIS Packages
1.
Retrieval of information of any
specific site.
2.
Provision of summary data for
planning purpose.
3.
Graphical display for educational
and public relation exercise.
4.
Classification of coasts and management
zone.
A.
Projections of coastal changes.
B.
Impacts of individual schemes.
C.
Impacts from changes of use.
D.
Impacts from natural calamities.
1.3 Statement of
Problem:
The application of GIS is so enormous that it is only
limited to the mindset of the administrators and users. This project therefore
focuses on the visualization and manipulation of geospatial information to
support decision making in urban development and other areas the GIS can be
applied.
1.4 purpose of
study:
The purpose of this project is
to support decision making with the use of geospatial information. With the
help of a GIS you will have at your disposal the necessary instruments to
analyze:
The selection and analysis of the location; The profile, the dividing and the prospecting
of the customers;
The potential of new marketing. Potential crime area Topology and so on.
Hybrid method (quantitative and
qualitative method) as both literature and text was used, interviews and direct
observation of the subject matter.
1.6
Objective of study:
The main aim of the objective is to design and implement
location retrieval system which will help To provide GIS for geospatial
information visualization To provide goe-data manipulation via a web interface.
Support decision making in urban businesses Support erosion control, business
site
1.7
Significance of study:
To provide the thematic map of
the major business areas in the state capital Awka.
1.8
Scope of the study:
This
research work is to design software that will enable people or strangers in
awka to locate places using a map, such as street, estate, house numbers,
schools, police station etc through the use of location retrieval system using
php and data.
1. One
of the limitations of the project is time as the researchers have to combine
lectures with other activities involve in the course to obtain a degree in
CARITS
UNIVERSITY.
2. The
other limitation is literature as the topic is relatively new not too many
materials are readily available for review.
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Item Type: Project Material | Size: 65 pages | Chapters: 1-5
Format: MS Word | Delivery: Within 30Mins.
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