ABSTRACT
This work evaluated the nutrient and antinutrient content and nutritive value of a lesser-known high yielding crop (aerial yam) and well-known high yielding legume cowpea. Aerial yam and cowpea used in this work were obtained from a family farm in Ovoko, Igbo-Eze South Local Government Area, Enugu state, Nigeria. Four kilogrammes of both foods were harvested. Aerial yam was cleaned, washed, allowed to dry, and divided into three equal portions. Cowpea was also cleaned, washed, allowed to dry and divided into three equal portions. The first portion of aerial yam was peeled, cut into small round sizes, spread out in a wide wooden basket and sun-dried, milled, packaged in cellophane bags, name labelled and stored in a cool place until used. The other two portions were soaked in tap water in a ratio of 1:3 (w/v), drained, spread on a wet jute bag, covered well with another wet jute bag, allowed to germinate, and divided into two portions after germination. The first portion was treated as the first ungerminated sample. The third portion was soaked in a container in tap water in a ratio of 1:3 (w/v) and left for fermentation by inherent microflora enzymes. After fermentation, the samples were dried, milled and packaged as others. Cowpea first portion was spread in a wooden mesh, sun dried, milled and packaged and stored safely until used. The other portion was germinated as aerial yam and treated the same. The last portion was treated as aerial yam and stored for analysis. Various nutrients and antinutrients were estimated using standard techniques. The flours were used to formulate rat diets containing 1.6g N or 10% protein (nitrogen basis). Twenty adult albino rats (100-200)g were allotted to 4 diets based on these two foods (aerial yam and cowpea). Other nutrients, eg. Oil, mineral and vitamins were added to produce four adequate diets for the rats. Both germination and fermentation increased nutrient contents of the two foods and equally reduced their antinutrients. The protein and mineral bioavailablity of these flours was high as judged by the result of nitrogen balance and liver composition of adult rats based on composites of the flours. Both germination and fermentation increased moisture from 7.68 to 8.63% in aerial yam and 7.78 to 8.24% in cowpea. These processes either single or combination of the two increased protein from 17.76 vs 19.26% in cowpea. Combination of the two processes caused increase in fibre only, in aerial yam (3.18 vs 3.97%) when compared with the control. Both processes decreased carbohydrates in aerial yam (65.37 to 62.21 and 60.10%) and cowpea (67.85 to 63.85 and 62.80%) in both flours. Both treatments increased zinc, iron, calcium and phosphorous. Phytate and tannins decreased due to the processes, except for that of germinated cowpea (4.87 vs 4.79 and 4.32% for aerial yam and 4.61 vs 3.97% for cowpea). Haemaglutinin and oxalate were decreased by the treatment. On the other hand, they increased saponins (0.048 vs 0.07 and 0.11% in aerial yam, 0.01 vs 0.09 and 0.12% in cowpea). Nitrogen solubility, fat absorption capacity, water absorption capacity and foam absorption capacity increased as against their controls (35.48 vs 37.78 and 39.15%, 34.22 vs 36.60 and 38.26mg) for aerial yam and cowpea respectively. Both germination and fermentation increased mineral and protein bioavailability of the diet and liver composition of adult rats fed these diets.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title page
Table of contents
List of Tables
List of figures
Abstract
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Statement of the problem
1.2 Objective of the study
1.3 Specific Objectives
1.4 Significance of the study
CHAPTER TWO:
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Aerial yam
2.2.1 Botany of aerial yam
2.2.2 Cultivation
2.2.3 Food uses of aerial yam
2.2.4 Medicinal Values of aerial yam
2.3 Cowpea
2.3.1 Botany of cowpea
2.3.2 Cultivation of cowpea
2.3.3 Food uses of cowpea
2.3.4 Medicinal Values of aerial yam
2.4 Other values
2.5 Behavioral activities
2.5.1 Antibiotic activity
2.5.2 Antioxidant activity
2.6 Nutritional composition
2.7 Anti-nutritional properties
2.7.1 Tannins
2.7.2 Phytate
2.7.3 Saponins
2.8 Functional Properties
2.8.1 Water Absorption capacity
2.8.2 Oil absorption capacity
2.8.3 Foam capacity
2.8.4 Protein solubility
2.9 Processing techniques
2.9.1 Fermentation
2.9.2 Germination
2.9.3 Sun drying
2.10 Biological evaluation
2.10.1 Biological test
2.10.2 Protein test
2.11.1 Intake of nitrogen
2.11.2 Net dietary intake
2.12 Animal experimental studies
2.13 Nitrogen solubility
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 MATERIALS AND METHODS
3.1 Materials
3.2 Sample preparations
3.2.1 Cleaning
3.2.2 Aerial yam
Flow chart for the processing of aerial yam (Fig 1)
3.2.3 Cowpea
Flow chart for the processing of cowpea (Fig 2)
3.3 Chemical Analysis
3.3.1 Moisture
3.3.2 Protein determination
3.3.3 Fat determination
3.3.4 Carbohydrate determination
3.3.5 Ash determinat
3.6.6 Crude fibre determination
3.3.7 Mineral determination
3.3.8 Phytate determination
3.3.9 Tannins determination
3.3.10 Hemagglutinin determination
3.3.11 Oxalate
3.3.12 Saponins determination
3.3.13 Foam capacity determination
3.4 Functional properties
3.4.1 Oil absorption capacity
3.4.2 Water absorption capacity
3.4.3 Nitrogen solubility
3.5 Biological evaluation of the composites in adult rats
3.5.1 Rat study
3.5.2 Treatment of faecal samples
3.5.3 Urine
Composition of experimental diets
3.5.4 Formulation of diets
3.6 Animal feeding
3.7 Laboratory analysis
3.7.1 Analysis of faecal and urinary nitrogen
3.7.2 Mineral analysis
3.7.3 Data analysis
3.7.4 Nitrogen balance
3.7.5 Statistical analysis
CHAPTER FOUR: RESULTS
4.1.1 Moisture
4.1.2 Protein
4.1.3 Fat
4.1.4 Ash
4.1.5 Fibre
4.1.6 Carbohydrate
4.2 Mineral
4.2.1 Zinc
4.2.2 Iron
4.2.3 Calcium
4.2.4 Phosphorus
4.3.1 Phytate
4.3.2 Tannins
4.3.3 Hemagglutinin (HCN)
4.3.4 Oxalate
4.4.1 Nitrogen Solubility
4.4.2 Fat absorption capacity
4.4.3 Water absorption capacity
4.4.4 Foam capacity
4.5.1 Liver weight and nitrogen
4.5.2 Liver moisture and fat
4.5.3 Liver phosphorus
4.5.4 Liver iron
4.5.5 Liver zinc
CHAPTER FIVE: DISCUSSION
5.1 Proximate composition
5.1.1 Moisture
5.1.2 Protein
5.1.3 Fat
5.1.4 Ash
5.1.5 Fibre
5.1.6 Carbohydrate (CHO)
5.2 Mineral composition
5.3 Anti-nutrients composition
5.3.1 Phytate
5.3.2 Tannins
5.5.3 Hemagglutinin (HCN)
5.3.4 Oxalate and saponins
5.4 Functional properties
5.4.1 Protein solubility
5.4.2 Foam capacity
5.4.3 Water absorption capacity
5.4.4 Fat absorption capacity
5.5 Food and nitrogen (N) intake, N balance, biological value (BV) and net protein utilization (NPU)
5.5.1 Food and nitrogen intake
5.5.2 Faecal nitrogen
5.5.3 Urinary nitrogen
5.6. Biological value and net protein utilization
5.7 Liver composition
5.7.1 Liver weight
5.7.2 Liver moisture
5.7.3 Liver nitrogen
5.7.4 Liver phosphorus
5.7.5 Liver iron
5.7.6 Liver zinc
CONCLUSION
RECOMMENDATIONS
REFERENCES
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the study
Among the basic needs of man, food is considered the most important because it sustains life. Bamila (2005), described food as any substance which when taken into the body builds new tissues, repairs or maintains old tissues, provides energy and regulates body processes. No nation succeeds without enough food to feed her populace all year round. When the foods are available, consumption pattern becomes a problem. Shortage or unavailability of enough food to feed the population of a country is a big political problem. This is because malnutrition affects the intellectual capacity of the country’s citizens.
Malnutrition is a problem that affects all age groups and different sectors of the population in different ways. However, pre-school children, pregnant and lactating mothers are the most vulnerable (FAO, 2002).`
It is an accepted fact that over two (2) billion people worldwide suffer from micronutrient malnutrition. About 100 to 140 million children suffer from Vitamin A deficiency. Some 20 million people are handicapped because of iron deficiency disorder (IDD). Iron deficiency anemia accounts for 20% of maternal deaths in Asia and Africa (FAO, 2002).
Maizya-Dixon, Akinyele, Oguntona, Nokoe, Sanusi, and Harris (2004) observed that micronutrient deficiency in Nigeria is approximately 36.3% of children under the age of 5 years. These children are at different stages of iron deficiency and 29.5% had Vitamin A deficiency.
The food consumption pattern of an individual influences his health and nutritional status.
Adequate nutrients intake maintains good health and increases resistance or protects against ill health.
The ability to diversify foods and inclusion of fruits and vegetables in our diets would
effectively protect against micronutrient deficiency diseases in Nigeria.
Some micronutrients were singled out because of their obvious health implications.
Consumption of adequate diets protects against the adverse of vitamins and minerals
deficiencies in Nigeria. Some statistics show that:
(a) Approximately 40% - 60% of children aged 6 – 24 months are at a risk of death in period immediately before or after birth due to iron deficiency;
(b) Approximately 100,000 Nigerian infants are at increased risk of death in period immediately before or after birth due to severe anemia in mothers;
(c) An estimated 11,000 deaths among young Nigerian women every year in pregnancy and child birth because of severe iron deficiency anemia;
(d) Over 80,000 children each year died from increased susceptibility to infection due to vitamin A deficiency;
(e) Approximately 25% of Nigerian children grow poorly due to vitamin A deficiency coupled with lowered immunity;
(f) An estimated 350,000 Nigerian babies are born each year with intellectual impairment due to iodine deficiency in pregnancy and others(FAO/WHO, 1996)
These nutrient deficiencies were a function of poor nutrition education and failure to grow foods in home gardens to adequately address these nutritional problems in Nigeria. Some foods are rarely consumed in Nigerian homes. However, the cause of inadequate consumption of these foods is because of ignorance of foods and inadequate preparation, etc. Many of these foods are available due to their high yield. Aerial yam or adu in lgbo language, ewuraesi in Yoruba and doyarbisa in Hausa languages and cowpea which is agwa in lgbo, ewa in Yoruba and wanke in Hausa languages are among these food crops.
Combination of these food crops and their consumption may provide adequate nutrients to maintain good health. Seasonality precipitates micronutrient and general nutrient deficiencies.
1.2 Statement of problem
Nigeria as a nation has many food crops, which if carefully processed would add to the nutritional status of her citizens. Some of these food crops have limited consumption in Nigerian homes. This is because of inadequate processing and methods of preparation for consumption. Aerial yam (Dioscorea bulbifera) and cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) are among the high yielding crops in Nigeria. Nigeria literature on the food potentials of combinations of aerial yam and cowpea are scarce. Not much study had been undertaken on aerial yam as a food crop despite its high yield. One would regard this food crop as a lesser-known tuber, especially in Nigeria. Cowpea is a crop that yields much, locally produced and once dried it is available all the year round. Aerial yam also has high yield and could keep long all the year round. Both aerial yam and cowpea can contribute to food security. There are no studies on nutrient content of blend of aerial yam and cowpea subjected to various food processing techniques in Nigeria literature.
The thrust of this study is to germinate and ferment these two crops, produce their flours and determine the nutrient content of these flours as well as evaluate the biological value of their blends in adult albino rats....
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