ABSTRACT
The study examined the nutrient composition of shade and sun-dried fluted pumpkin leaf and the curd produced from the leaf. The effects of the processed leaves and the curd on beta carotene, iron, ascorbate, zinc, copper and calcium status of rats were evaluated. Fluted pumpkin leaf was divided into four (4) portions. One was shade-dried, another was sun-dried and the other was used to produce leaf curd. The last portion was not processed and served as the control. All the processed samples were milled to fine flour and analysed using standard methods. Each of the pumpkin leaf flour was incorporated into rat chow to provide 2.1 mg beta carotene daily for a 28-day study period. Twenty (20) male weanling rats were divided into four (4) groups of five (5) rats each. They were housed in individual metabolism cages and fed diets and water ad libitum. Blood samples were drawn before and after the experiment by ocular puncture and were used for biochemical analysis. Blood plasma was used to determine haemoglobin while serum was used to determine pro- vitamin A, ascorbate, ferritin, iron, copper, zinc and calcium. The liver was individually removed and analysed for liver ferritin, ascorbate and other micronutrients. The results showed that sun-dried fluted pumpkin leaf had comparable (p>0.05) protein value (23.78%, 23.08%, 19.75%) with the shade-dried and dried leaf curd. The fresh pumpkin leaves had higher (83.57μg) (p<0 .05="" 0.88="" 14.56="" a="" all="" and="" calcium="" copper="" curd="" dried="" g="" iron="" leaf="" levels="" of="" p="" pro-vitamin="" processed="" sample="" samples="" similar="" sun-dried="" than="" the="" were="" zinc="">0.05). The rats fed rat chow supplemented with dried leaf curd had higher serum beta carotene, ascorbate, and ferritin than those of the other groups. The rats fed rat chow supplemented with shade dried-fluted pumpkin leaf had higher (p<0 .05="" and="" ascorbate="" beta-carotene="" curd="" ferritin="" fluted="" groups.="" haemoglobin="" improved="" into="" iron="" leaf="" level="" liver="" methods.="" more="" of="" other="" processing="" pumpkin="" rats="" result="" serum="" showed="" span="" than="" that="" the="">
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title page
Table of content
Abstract
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the study
1.2 Problem statement
1.3 Objectives of the study
1.4 Significance of the study
CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1.1 Vegetables
2.1.2 Utilization
2.1.3 Nutrient composition
2.1.4 Effect of processing on the nutrient content of green leaf vegetables
2.2.1 Fluted pumpkin leaves
2.2.2 Uses and nutrient composition
2.3 Leaf curd
2.4 Vitamin A and iron
2.4.2 Vitamin A and iron studies
2.4.3 Biochemical studies
CHAPTER THREE: MATERIALS AND METHOD
3.1.1 Fluted pumpkin
3.1.2 Preparation of sample
3.2 Chemical analysis
3.2.1 Proximate analysis
3.2.1.1 Crude protein
3.2.1.2 Total lipids
3.2.1.3 Total ash
3.2.1.4 Crude fibre
3.2.1.5 Carbohydrate
3.2.1.6 Moisture
3.2.2 Vitamin
3.2.2.1 Pro- vitamin A
3.2.2.2 Minerals –Iron, Copper, Zinc, d Calcium
3.2.2.3 Measurement of haemoglobin concentration
3.3 Animal experiment
3.3.1 Diet formulation
3.3.2 Animal Housing and feeding
3.3.3 Analysis of blood and liver samples
3.3.3.2 Serum and liver ferritin concentration
3.3.3.3 Measurement of serum and liver iron concentration
3.3.3.4 Serum and liver B-carotene
3.4 Statistical analysis
CHAPTER FOUR: RESULTS
4.1 Proximate composition of differently processed fluted pumpkin (Telfaria occidentalis) leaves “as is”
4.2 Proximate composition of differently processed fluted pumpkin (Telfaria occidentalis) leaves on dry matter basis
4.3 Vitamin and mineral composition of differently processed fluted pumpkin (Telfaria occidentalis) leaves on dry matter basis
4.4a Mean serum beta-carotene, ascorbate and ferritin of rats before and after feeding
4.4b Mean serum iron, zinc and copper of rats before and after feeding
4.4cMean serum calcium and haemoglobin of rats before and after feeding
4.5 Liver beta-carotene, ascorbate, ferritin, iron, copper, zinc and calcium Levels of the rats
CHAPTER FIVE: DISCUSSION
5.1 Discussion
Conclusion
Recommendation
References
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
A vast majority of individuals in the third world countries are not able to satisfy their nutritional requirements for growth and development. This leads to malnutrition, which is one of the major causes of death, particularly in infants and young children. Malnutrition can manifest as protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) and micronutrient deficiency. Micronutrients are involved in metabolism of energy nutrients and their deficiency may precipitate PEM as well as their specific deficiency diseases.
Despite the approaches on the past geared towards combating micronutrient deficiencies through supplementation in form of drugs, fortification of some food products and other measures, the problem still exists. This is because most people do not routinely take their supplements as they view it as drug and others abuse it as prescribed. Most of our fortified food products are costly and the poor in the rural communities and the low socio-economic groups cannot afford to purchase them. They depend on their cheaper and low micronutrient familiar unfortified products.
The World Health Organisation (WHO) has classified Nigeria among the 34 countries in the world with serious problems of nutritional blindness and xerophtalmia. Data from Participatory Information Collection (PIC) survey done in Nigeria showed that the prevalence of vitamin A deficiency (VAD) in 1993 was 9.2% in children and 7.2% in
It has been noted that the prevalence of these micronutrients deficiencies are more in developing countries than in developed countries. WHO/OMS (2003) reported that VAD is a public health problem in 118 countries, especially in Africa and South-East Asia. Young children and pregnant women are vulnerable. The most affected groups in developing countries are pregnant women (56%), school-age children (53%), non-pregnant women (44.6%) and preschool children (42%) (ACC/SCN, 2000).
The problems associated with these micronutrient deficiencies are much and irreversible proceeding death. In children, it greatly increases the chances of morbidity and disability. Maternal night blindness was associated with almost four fold increase in the risk of mortality (Christian et al., 2000).
Based on the diverse effects of iron and vitamin A deficiencies, it is important that preventive measures capable of combating these deficiencies be adopted, especially diversification of diets at the reach of the low income groups.
1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT
The inherent problem of micronutrient deficiency is very difficult to combat because as hidden hunger, it is not easily detected. An estimated 250,000 to 500,000 vitamin A deficient children get blind every year (WHO/OMS, 2003). Half of them die within 12
As a result of these life threatening effects of both vitamin A and iron deficiencies, there is a need to adopt an intervention programme that would be within the reach of the low socio-economic groups who are mostly affected. Dietary diversification using locally available foods within the communities appears to be a more feasible approach in rural communities than other approaches. However, the problem with this approach is dietary bulk and bioavailability of nutrients, particularly in the complementary infant food. This is because the stomach capacity of infants is too small (200-250ml). They will consume little quantity of food at a time, which may not meet the recommended requirement for all the nutrients (WHO, 1998). It is necessary to reduce the bulk of infant foods so that the little quantity consumed would be concentrated to meet the nutrient requirements of the infant. This study would address the problem of dietary bulk in infants feeding by.....
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