ABSTRACT
Phytochemical screening to determine the presence and concentration of tannins, saponins, alkaloids, flavonoids, sterols and cardiac glycosides in Persea americana was carried out. The sample was prepared by cutting the seed into small pieces, drying and grinding with Thomas Willey milling machine. The ground sample was stored in an airtight container for analysis. The presence of alkaloid was determined by Wagner’s test, flavonoid by ferric chloride test, tannin by acid test, saponin by emulsion test and cardiac glycoside by glacial acetic acid test. Quantitative determination of some of the phytochemicals was also carried out using standard methods. Result for qualitative analysis shows that alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins and cardiac glycosides were present in P.american and sterols were absent . The quantitative result shows that alkaloid has the highest percentage of concentration (21.54%), followed by saponin (8.10%), flavonoid (6.97%), cardiac glycoside (6.94%) and tannin has the least percentage concentration (1.45%) .
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title page
Abstract
Table of content
CHAPTER ONE
Introduction
Background of the study
Objective of the
Scope of the study
Significance of the study
CHAPTER TWO
Literature Review
General description of Persea Americana
Phytochemicals in fruit and vegetables
Nutritional physiology of phytochemicals
Medicinal uses of P.americana fruit
Constituents of P.americana fruit
Effect of P.americana on the body
Wight
Hypertension / high blood pressure
Wound healing activity
Natural products from plants that promote health
Alkaloid
Sterols
Flavonoids
Tannins
Saponins
Cardiac glycoside
CHAPTER THREE
Materials and method
Materials
Preparation of sample
Qualitative analysis of phytochemicals
Test for alkaloids
Test for flavonoids
Test for tannins
Test for saponins
Test for cardiac glycosides
Test for steroids
Qualitative determination of the Chemical constituent in P.americana
Allialoids determination
Flavonoids determination
Saponin determination
Tannin determination by titration
Cardiac glycosides determination
CHAPTER FOUR
Result
CHAPTER FIVE
Discussion
Conclusion
Recommendation
References
Appendix
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
Background of the study
Phytochemicals are a large group of plant derived compound hypothesized to be responsible for much of the disease protection conferred from diets high in fruits, vegetables, beans, cereals and plant-based beverages such as tea and wine (Hollman, 2005). They are biologically naturally occurring chemical compounds found in plants . They protect plants from disease and damage and contribute to the plants colour, aroma and flavor. They also protect plants from environmental hazards such as pollution, stress, drought, uv exposure and pathogenic attack. These Phytochemicals are known as secondary metabolities .
Recently it is clearly known that phytochemicals have roles in the protection of human health when their dietary intake is significant.
A wide range of dietary Phytochemicals are found in fruits, vegetables, legumes, whole grains, nuts, seeds, fungi, herbs and spices (Mathai, 2000). It is well known that plants produce these chemicals to protect themselves, but recent research demonstrate that many phytochemicals can also protect humans against diseases (Narasinga, 2003). The most important of these bioactive constituents of plants are alkaloids, tannins, steroids, terpenoids and phenolic compounds. In recent years secondary plant metabolites previously with unknown pharmacological activities have been extensively investigated as a source of medicinal agents. Thus it is anticipated that phyto-antimicrobial efficacy will be used for the treatment of bacterial infection (Balandrin et al., 2005).
Perseaamericana is one of the 150 varieties of avocado pear. The seeds of Perseaamericana has a diverse application in ethnomedicine, ranging from treatment for diarrhea, dysentery, toothache, intestinal parasites to the area of skin treatment and beautification (Pamplona and Roger, 1999). P. americana leaves have been reported to posses anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities (Adeyemi et al., 2002). The seeds are rich in tannins and carotenoids and tocopherols from the fruit were shown to inhibit the in-vitro growth of prostate cancer cell lines (lu et al, 2005) and “persin” from avocado leaves was shown to have antifungal properties and to be toxic to silkworms (oelrichs et al., 1995). The effect of P.americana extract was evaluated on in-vitro rat lymphocyte proliferation (Gomezflores et al., 2008). Antioxidant activity and phenolic content of seeds of avocado pear was found to be greater than 70% (Soong and Barlow 2004).
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